Comparative analysis of digital diplomacy strategies in Russia and the USA

Department of State [StateDept]. (2020, February 24b). The U.S. took action to halt the former Maduro regime's theft of #Venezuela's assets and continued usurpation of democracy by sanctioning Rosneft Trading S.A., which has propped up the dictatorial Maduro and enabled his repression of the Venezuelan people. https://t.co/6z7s73odUa [Tweet].

Department of State [StateDept]. (2020, February 25). @SecPompeo: The @realDonaldTrump administration will always work to protect the integrity of our elections. Should #Russia or any foreign actor take steps to undermine our democratic processes, we will take action in response. [Tweet].

Department of State [StateDept]. (2020, February 26). President @realDonaldTrump: The U.S.-Indian partnership is now truly stronger than ever before. https://t.co/JLdDnP4gqG [Tweet].

Department of State [StateDept]. (2020, February 29). @SecPompeo: #Iran is the world's number one state sponsor of terror--and the world's largest state sponsor of anti-Semitism. https://t.co/fztwciRn2U [Tweet].

Department of State [StateDept]. (2020, March 3a). @SecPompeo: We stand with the great Israeli people. And we stand for the unbreakable bond between our two great nations, rooted in our shared traditions of freedom and equality. #AIPAC2020 #AIPACProud [Tweet].

Department of State [StateDept]. (2020, March 3b). This month, we celebrate #WomensHistoryMonth. The State Department honors all of the courageous women around the world who place their own communities on a path to greater progress and inspire future generations. Empowered women empower others [Tweet].

Department of State [StateDept]. (2020, March 8). On #InternationalWomensDay, the United States is proud to honor women and girls from around the world who have made contributions in lifting up those facing challenges and hardship in their communities. A world with gender equality is a better world for all. #IWD2020 [Tweet].

Department of State [StateDept]. (2020, March 12). U.S.-#Brazil economic ties advance prosperity for both nations. Our economic relationship is rooted in principles of fair trade, market liberalization, and healthy competition. https://t.co/6eN7jThfBg [Tweet].

Department of State [StateDept]. (2020, March 16).@SecPompeo: We pray for a day when Cuban, Venezuelan, Chinese, Iranians and all peoples can speak and assemble freely without fear of their own governments. https://t.co/R4LjNR83ah #HumanRightsReport [Tweet].

Department of State [StateDept]. (2020, March 17). President @realDonaldTrump and the other #G7 leaders are working together to accelerate our response to #COVID19, forcefully address the economic impact of the outbreak, and restore and expand growth [Tweet].

Department of State [StateDept]. (2020, March 20). @SecPompeo on #Iran, North Korea, and #COVID19: We are working diligently to create better conditions for their people. Part of that is to make sure that we're available to provide humanitarian assistance when we can. It's the right thing to do in a time of crisis.[Tweet].

Tweets. Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, January 12a). 75 years ago, the Red Army launched the Vistula-Oder Offensive. Its objective was to liberate Poland from Nazi troops and to advance to the approach routes leading to Berlin, the capital of Nazi Germany. #Russia #Poland #Germany #USSR #WWII #Warsaw https://t.co/ykAOQa3BhD [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, January 12b). Academician Viktor Vinogradov raised a whole generation of Russian linguists. His teaching on the interconnectedness of word formation, grammar and lexicology influenced the subsequent description of many languages. https://t.co/W9LmE9cTCE #RussianLanguage #Science [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, January 15). #Lavrov: India is the third largest #energy consumer in the world, while Russia is one of the world's key producers of hydrocarbons. The strategic interests of our countries in this area coincide. https://t.co/eQK52dTp6u #Russia #Diplomacy #Moscow #NewDelhi #BRICS #Eurasia [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, January 16a). #Lavrov: #Uzbekistan not simply an ally and strategic partner but a close friend of #Russia. Ties between our ministries are based not only on the political principles, but also on personal sympathy and comradely relations. https://t.co/OSZexTEAu5 [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, January 16b). Sofia #Kovalevskaya became the first female mathematician in #Russia and the first female professor in the world. She received awards from the #French and #Swedish academies of sciences for her research in the field of mathematics and physics. https://t.co/lmPYw2DIYO [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, January 17a). #Lavrov: Western countries have been dominating in the world for at least five hundred years. This era is now receding in the past. It is time to share power and influence and to make agreements with new strong players. https://t.co/iJFuXXqt7C #Russia #Diplomacy [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, January 17b). Sergey #Lavrov: Twenty years ago, India and Russia signed the Declaration on Strategic Partnership. Developing relations with New Delhi is among our absolute foreign policy priorities. https://t.co/eQK52dTp6u #Russia #Diplomacy #Moscow #NewDelhi #BRICS #Eurasia [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, January 18). ?The January 1943 combat operations on the banks of the Neva River completely thwarted the plans of Nazi German invaders to take #Leningrad. The Red Army seized initiative in this sector of the Soviet-German Front?https://t.co/qrQMNOEs5z #Siege #SiegeOfLeningrad #WWII [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, January 19). On January 19, 1865, Valentin #Serov, a famous Russian painter, graphic artist, talented portraitist and academic of the Imperial Academy of Arts was born in St Petersburg. https://t.co/Tx4d9ZyTb3 #Russia #Culture #Painting #Artist #Heritage [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, January 20). #Lavrov: Russia traditionally prioritises expanded collaboration with its partners in the Eurasian space,primarily within the framework of @CSTO_ODKB, the Union State, #CIS and the Eurasian Economic Union. https://t.co/NEqsaOI9Je #Russia #Diplomacy #ForeignPolicy #YearInReview [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, January 22). #Lavrov: We are in the middle of a long era marked by an objective development of a new, fair and more democratic #multipolar world order. Humankind certainly stands to lose from our #Western colleagues' insistence on the logic of yesteryear. https://t.co/XUX8RNcNNZ #Russia [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, January 23a). #Zakharova: 75 years ago, on January 27, 1945, #Soviet troops liberated the Auschwitz-Birkenau (#Auschwitz) concentration camp. In 2005, the @UN declared this day International #Holocaust Remembrance Day. #Russia co-authored the respective #UNGA resolution [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, January 23b). #Russian and #American diplomats exchanged views on the situation in international #security, reviewed approaches towards maintaining strategic stability and the relevant doctrinal concepts as well as the future of #ArmsControl. https://t.co/JEfDOgrvwo #Russia #USA [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, January 30a). #Lavrov: #Energy cooperation is a major element in #Russian-#Vietnamese comprehensive strategic partnership. The flagship of our cooperation - the #Vietsovpetro joint venture - has been successfully operating for almost four decades. https://t.co/Ajpj9V0l8q #Russia #Vietnam [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, January 30b). #Lavrov: On January 30, 1950 the #SovietUnion was one of the first countries to recognise the young Vietnamese state, laying the foundation for long term friendship and close cooperation between our two countries. https://t.co/Ajpj9V0l8q #Russia #Vietnam #Moscow #Hanoi #USSR [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, January 31). During the meeting with #US Ambassador John Sullivan Foreign Minister Sergey #Lavrov expressed hope that the newly appointed US Ambassador will help normalise and strengthen the two countries' cooperation in various spheres. https://t.co/BvMXM03Vzs #Russia #USA [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, February 3a). Sergey #Lavrov: Today, #Indonesia is an important partner for #Russia in #SouthEast Asia and the #AsiaPacific region as a whole. Taking our relations to the level of a strategic partnership is on the agenda. [Tweet] Retrieved from https://t.co/JNk2oUJxFA [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, February 3b). Sergey #Lavrov: #Bellinsgauzen and #Lazarev were the first to discover that #Antarctica is a continent. Russians were the first to discover that Antarctica is not an ice wall but a continent. Therefore, Antarctica does not belong to anyone. https://t.co/9iZSyetS7Y [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, February 3c). Sergey #Lavrov: The #SovietUnion and the #UnitedStates made a joint statement on peremptory non-recognition of any claims and refusal to divide #Antarctica into sectors in order to preserve the continent as the common heritage of the humankind. https://t.co/9iZSyetS7Y [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, February 3d). Sergey #Lavrov: Our compatriots had the good fortune to discover #Indonesia, a nation with a distinct identity, back in the 19th century, when Russian maritime expeditions started visiting the archipelago. https://t.co/JNk2oUJxFA #Russia #MFA #History #Diplomacy [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, February 4). #Lavrov to @rgrus: #Russia, #Turkey and #Iran established #AstanaFormat, which aimed to bring together the government of al-Assad & representatives of armed opposition, rather than the foreign-based opposition that virtually does not represent anyone. https://t.co/rkd4JnbjnS [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, February 5). At least 3,000 Soviet people died from the hands of the Estonian security police and Security Service during the occupation of Pskov in and around Moglino Camp https://t.co/k4tsPhhFZ8 #BlackRibbonDay #WWII #Pskov #WWII #Estonia #Russia #USSR [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, February 7a). Sergey #Lavrov: #Washington's sanctions against Havana prove that, in an effort to stifle the Cuban economy, the #UnitedStates deliberately violates human rights, and ordinary people always suffer, above all. https://t.co/NRzjbQtdtQ #Russia #MFA #Cuba [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, February 7b). #Lavrov: Today, Cuba is Russia's priority partner in #LatinAmerica and the Caribbean. Our multidimensional collaboration, based on strong traditions of friendship and cooperation, and objective commonality of interests, is looking towards the future. https://t.co/NRzjbQtdtQ [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, February 10a). #Lavrov: We have firmly underscored our commitment to and respect for Venezuela's sovereignty and our solidarity with Venezuelan leaders and the people of #Venezuela in their opposition to the illegal pressure brought to bear by #US and its accomplices. https://t.co/eRjnhK2VlX [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, February 10b). Sergey #Lavrov during the meeting with @maduro_en: #Russia and #Venezuela take steps to protect our trade and economic ties from the illegal sanctions and egregious pressure being exerted on Venezuela by the #UnitedStates. https://t.co/xOFk2yQTzb [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, February 11). #Lavrov: #Russia is pursuing a line of strengthening the legal foundations of interstate communication, raising the #UN's prestige, reducing international tensions, achieving the political-diplomatic settlement of several regional conflicts. https://t.co/64iYRSzdPh #MFA [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, February 17). #Lavrov: Escalating tension, @NATO advancing its military infrastructure to the east, holding unprecedented exercises close to #Russian borders, and ramping up defence spending far beyond reasonable levels, all this leads to uncertainty. #Russia #MFA #Diplomacy #NATO #MSC2020 [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, February 18). #Lavrov: Our relations with Italy, which is our important international partner, are steeped in history and traditions. We have many years of successful cooperation under the belt and a significant mutual trust capital. https://t.co/RhB5z6WT9M #Russia #Italy [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, February 20a). #Mir de facto became an international orbital scientific laboratory and a facility for testing numerous engineering solutions, now being used aboard the International Space Station #ISS https://t.co/uQXz53B5PN #Russia #USSR #Space #SpaceProgramme #Science #Technology [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, February 20b). During the meeting Sergey #Lavrov's and Speaker of the Lower House of Afghanistan's Parliament @MRahmanRhamani discussed topical issues of #Russian-#Afghan relations as well as the current state & development prospects of the situation in #Afghanistan https://t.co/494WX9DKLj [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, February 21a). Large-scale violations of human rights and freedoms and discrimination against its citizens on ethnic or linguistic grounds are becoming common for #Ukraine. A merciless war against the country's heroic past has been launched. https://t.co/cjtCmELiza [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, February 21b). On February 21, 1784, Empress Catherine the Great issued a decree, which officially established the city of #Sevastopol. Sevastopol later became a symbol of courage, bravery and heroism of Russian soldiers. https://t.co/7FwC8gCHNk #Russia #Crimea #CrimeaIsRussia [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, March 3). On March 3, 1799, an allied Russian-Turkish squadron headed by Admiral Fyodor Ushakov seized a fortress on the island of Corfu in the Mediterranean https://t.co/C7LYTE0MP3 [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, March 4). Sergey #Lavrov spoke by phone with Foreign Minister of #Iran Mohammad Javad Zarif. The sides discussed trade and economic cooperation and other issues on the bilateral agenda. https://t.co/8atHAR5v9L #Russia #MiddleEast [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, March 6a). Intimidation through the use of a fictional Russian threat and spy mania is detrimental to #Russian-#Swedish relations. We are urging the Swedish newspaper @dagensindustri to choose its sources more carefully, so as not to mislead its readers. https://t.co/r9kERYLi1v #Fake [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, March 6b). #Zakharova We strongly condemn any attempts by #London to hold #Moscow responsible for the #Salisbury events. We insist on a professional, objective and impartial inquiry into the incident, and reaffirm readiness for substantive cooperation. #Skripals [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, March 8a). #InternationalWomensDay #IWD2020 #OurHeroes - Group photo of the 329th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the Red Army, 1945 - almost entirely comprised of women who vigorously and successfully fought the Nazis #WWII #GreatVictory [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, March 8b). #DidYouKnow? #InternationalWomensDay has a rich history: #8March was adopted as an official @UN Day in 1975 in commemoration of a key milestone of the #WomensRights movements - 1917 Women's March in #Russia's Petrograd (#StPetersburg) #RussiansDidItFirst #IWD2020 @UN_Women [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, March 12a). #Zakharova We are sending greetings to our Mauritian friends on the anniversary of the Republic of #Mauritius' independence.We are confident that #Russia-Mauritius traditional relations of friendship and fruitful cooperation will further develop for the benefit of the two nations [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, March 12b). #Lavrov: This year we celebrate 75th Anniversary of #Victory & 75th Anniversary of the @UN. Regrettably, we are seeing intensifying unseemly attempts to politicise history & falsify facts. The liberators are being smeared whereas the Nazis and their accomplices - whitewashed [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, March 17). #OTD 4 years ago Russian officer Alexander Prokhorenko sacrificed himself to help liberate #Palmyra from ISIS terrorists - having been surrounded by extremists Prokhorenko called an airstrike on his own position. He was awarded title Hero of Russia post-mortem #WeRemember [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, March 18). #Crimea is a vital part of Russian civilization. It is the point of origin of Russian Christianity (988), was in Ancient Rus (X-XII cent.) & Russian Empire (1783-1917), Soviet Russia & USSR (1917-91), reunited with #Russia (2014 - ?) - dear to the hearts of all Russians [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, March 19). Fifty-five years ago, #Soviet pilot-cosmonaut Alexey #Leonov became the first person in the world to walk in outer #space. The whole world applauded this triumph of Soviet #cosmonautics. https://t.co/VgyXeDkQEw #AlexeyLeonov #USSR #Space #Cosmonautics #Science #OpenSpace [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, March 20). Presidents #Putin and #Assad held phone conversation, discussed developments in #Syria. The two leaders also considered advances made in the context of political process within the framework of the Syrian Constitutional Committee #RussiaSyria https://t.co/9a8IZtsFWj [Tweet].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [mfa_russia]. (2020, March 28). ??On 28 March 1658 Dutch East India Company ship the #Amersfoort dropped anchor? in Table Bay. She brought first "shipment" of enslaved people to Southern Africa, giving start to nearly 200 years of slave trade at the Cape, and with it, #colonialism in the region #NeverForget [Tweet].

Others

BrianBenjaminCarter. (2018). Twitterverse. Retrieved from Urban Dictionary

Department of State. 10 FAH-1 H-061. Social Media and Digital Engagement. (2018).

Department of State. 5 FAM 790. Using Social Media. (2018).

Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2013). The Concept of Russian Foreign Policy [Kontseptsia vneshney politiki Rossiyskoy Federatsii]. Retrieved from Ministerstvo inostrannykh

Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2016). The Concept of Russian Foreign Policy [Kontseptsia vneshney politiki Rossiyskoy Federatsii].

Pew Research Center. (2008). Global Public Opinion in the Bush Years (2001-2008). Retrieved from Pew Global Attitudes

Pew Research Center. (2012). Global Opinion of Obama Slips, International Policies Faulted. Retrieved from Pew Global Attitudes

Pew Research Center. (2013). Global Opinion of Russia Mixed.

Pew Research Center. (2014). Russia's Global Image Negative amid Crisis in Ukraine.

Pew Research Center. (2018). Image of Putin, Russia Suffers Internationally.

Pew Research Center. (2020). Trump Ratings Remain Low Around Globe, While Views of U.S. Stay Mostly Favorable.

Trump, D. [realDonaldTrump]. (2018, November 29). Based on the fact that the ships and sailors have not been returned to Ukraine from Russia, I have decided it would be best for all parties concerned to cancel my previously scheduled meeting.... [Tweet].

Trump, D. [realDonaldTrump]. (2019, March 21). After 52 years it is time for the United States to fully recognize Israel's Sovereignty over the Golan Heights, which is of critical strategic and security importance to the State of Israel and Regional Stability! [Tweet].

Twitter. Supported languages and browsers. (2020).

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Appendix 1

Note. From “The rise of social media” by Ortiz-Ospina (2019)

Appendix 2

Note: From twitter of Russia's MFA of 8^th of March (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2020, March 8b)

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