Conclusion

In the context of cultural foundations of the foreign policy, conducted by the administration of the Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe it was decided by the author to conduct a research on the specifics of Japanese Cultural Diplomatic strategies, which underpin Japanese national interests (and foreign political and economic policies) abroad, and which are currently applied in accordance to official «Cool Japan» concept. As far as the research was limited by case study of the relations between Russia and Japan, there were revealed the specific features, which seem to be guarantors of success of Cultural Diplomacy of Japan towards Russia. However, as far as the research is widely taking the historical context into account, it is considered by the author of the research to remind briefly the historical origins of Japanese Cultural Diplomacy and the beginning of its development towards Russia.

Historically, after being defeated in the Second World War, Japanese government was made to refuse from the official military establishment under the pressure of American occupation authorities, and the economic weakness, along with the constitutional amendments, made the Japanese professional politicians to recall a positive experience of Cultural Diplomacy as the mean of the Soft Power, which was used to be implemented quite successfully in the period of Meiji Restoration. Afterwards, the implementation of Cultural Diplomatic strategies by Japan revealed to become underpinning its economic interest projections. With the use of cultural policies, Japan managed to become one of the leading economies of the world, and also acquired regional economic domination in the period of 1980s. The implementation of Soft Political tools and the successful promotion of the newly created pacifistic international image appeared to be able to guarantee the favorable atmosphere for economic expansion, which was a necessity for Japanese business activity. It became one of the reasons to conduct economic cooperation with Russia, which appeared mainly on the basis of Cultural Diplomacy in the end of 1990s and beginning of 2000s, when Russian economy started to grow in its potential after the crises. Since then, more formalized mutual interest in cooperation started to form between Japan and Russia, which has evolved to the current conditions, in which the cultural policies towards Russia are being implemented in the context of «Cool Japan» by the administration of Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and his cabinet.

Moving closer to the summary of the specific features of «Cool Japan», the author would like to say ones again and thus distinguish, that the conduction of foreign policy of Japan is highly oriented on the meeting of its national economic interests, which are the determining ones. That is why one of the most important features of Cultural Diplomacy of today is quite tight cooperation of Japanese government with Japanese private business on «Cool Japan» brand promotion abroad. The author of the research has demonstrated it in two chapters, by dividing the brand promoting activity on the basis of initiative, which is also considered to be a specific method of particular research. Being closely tied in cultural promotion with the official program, supported and encouraged by the government during the age of Prime Minister Abe's administration, Japanese business also successfully manages to acquire commercial benefits, providing the important support back to the government as well.

There was another general feature of Japanese Cultural Diplomacy revealed, which was inherited by the current programs of «Cool Japan», supported by Abe, is its ability to adopt. Using the argument of Hunt (2009), who was negatively judging American cultural strategies and overall ideological propaganda for overwhelming aggression, and taking into the account of the specifics of historical formation of Japanese Cultural Diplomacy (which revealed a mixture of Japanese national cultural identity and adoption of Western cultural features) there can be made a conclusion on its high level ability to adopt to a system of values of the target country, which was proved on the case study of relations with Russia. Moreover, the feature can be also explained by the very specific identity of the Japanese cultural values itself, including the main one, which is pacifism. The pacifistic values of Japan do not equal the spread of intrusive ideology and do not lead to the disputes, as American do, according to Hunt (2009). One more factor, which influence on better adaption of Japanese cultural values is the fact, that these are used by Japanese business in its marketing strategies, which are usually calculated by professional marketer and developed in strict accordance to the specifics of target audiences and the environments they live in.

The importance of both public channels and business channels on the success of Cultural Diplomacy was also revealed by the means of research. It was shown, that social media, and especially such influential promoters as Manga and Anime, make a considerable impact to the promotion of Japanese image abroad and help business and government earn financial and commercial benefit through the attraction of tourists, exporting merchandising and rising awareness and interest to Japan and its culture through the means of conduction of thematic events. Moreover, one of the specific methods used in the research, besides wide analysis of the mass media, official websites of organizations (and analysis of statistics, provided there) and explicit literature content analysis, is the author's experience involvement into the practical implementation of political diplomacy through the real participation in the work of Japanese private company (due to the fact that it is the sphere of author's career). There was also provided a wide range of statistics and information on cooperation plans and its results, history of development, and the overall examples of practical activity of the official Japanese public organizations, such as Japan Foundation, Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, official Embassy of Japan in Russia and so on. The crucial impact of these organizations into the Japanese international brand promotion was also successfully demonstrated. As for Anime, the conclusion can be made, that, when the one is going to buy Manga, or watch an episode of an Anime, he or she should remember that it is not only an attempt to have a good time, but also it is an individual participation in a sophisticated, strategic cultural project.

Furthermore, the theoretical part of the research was provided by the author in purpose to explain the high importance of the topic of study. From the perspective of international relations theories (Neo-Realism, Liberalism (and Neo-liberalism), and critical Constructivism in international relations), the discussion of approaches to the questions to war and peace of which were brought up by the author the research, it was revealed that the study of Cultural Diplomatic strategies can reveal to be crucial for the international peaceful condition prolongation, as far as, being an instrument of «Soft Power» it decreases the aspect of thereat and possibility of misconnection (due to misunderstanding and a much of information, as it provided by Liberals). Despite the fact, that the direct influence of cultural spread seems to be quite hard to estimate, Cultural Diplomacy should not ever become neglected in the research.

It is always very hard to theorize, systemize the research, and find the concrete factors of any change, but the author of the research would like to notice, that the topic of development of Japanese Cultural Diplomacy towards Russia is quite up to date and remaining to be one of high actuality. The world is changing, and the process of globalization, deepening international interdependence, seems to change the notion of the independence of governments and states, providing new channels to the ideas and cultural influence. In the present time, states faces the problem of necessity to develop new complicated strategies to achieve some expected results and promote national interests of their states in economic and political spheres on the global arena. The Culture still remains to be the one of the most powerful peaceful tools in developing such strategies, so that there should be further study conducted on the topic in purpose to find more certain and useful explanations of cultural policies, the specifics of its implementation, which are able to provide the origin of change into the status quo. The sophisticated implementation of cultural policies seems to actually do provide a great potential for peaceful and harmonious coexistence among the nations.

Let's study culture deeper! Let's study peace deeper!

References

1. Benedict, R. (1967). The chrysanthemum and the sword: Patterns of Japanese culture. Cleveland: Meridian Books.

2. Brouthers, L. E., & Werner, S. (1990). Are the Japanese good global competitors? Columbia

3. Journal of World Business, 25(3), 5-12. Retrieved from

4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-columbia-journal-of-world-business

5. Borowy, I. (2011, March 24). Similar but different: Health and economic crisis in 1990s Cuba and Russia. Social Science & Medicine, 72(9).

6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.008

7. Buruma, I. (2015). A Japanese mirror: Heroes and villains of Japanese culture. London: Atlantic Books Ltd.

8. Calder, K. E. (1988, July). Japanese foreign economic policy formation: Explaining the reactive state. World Politics, 40(4), 517-5411. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2010317

9. Chan, S. (2000, March 1). The construction and export of culture as artefact: The case of

10. Japanese martial arts. Body & Society, 6(1), 69-74.

11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1357034X00006001005

12. Chen, P. L., & Wada, J. T. (2017, April). Can the Japanese supreme court

13. overcome the political question hurdle? Washington International Law Journal, 26(2). Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj/

14. Daliot-Bul, M. (2009). Japan brand strategy: The taming of 'Cool Japan' and the challenges of

15. cultural planning in a postmodern age. Social Science Japan Journal, 12(2), 247-266. doi:10.1093/ssjj/jyp037

16. Denison, R. (2011). Transcultural creativity in anime: Hybrid identities in the production, distribution, texts and fandom of Japanese anime. Creative Industries Journal, 3(3), 221-235. doi:10.1386/cij.3.3.221_1

17. Desai, R., Freinkman, L. M., & Goldberg, I. (2003, September). Fiscal Federalism and Regional

18. Growth: Evidence from the Russian Federation in the 1990s. World Bank eLibrary. doi:https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3138

19. Drazen, P. (2002). Anime explosion! The What? Why? & Wow! of Japanese animation. Stone Bridge Press.

20. Foxall, A. (2013). Photographing Vladimir Putin: Masculinity, nationalism and visuality in

21. Russian political culture. Geopolitics, 18(1), 132-156.

22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2012.713245

23. Froot, K. A. (1991, June). Japanese foreign direct investment. In The National Bureau of

24. Economic Research . Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w3737.pdf

25. Gabriel, P. (1998). Review work: The encyclopaedia of Japanese popular culture by Mark

26. Schilling. the Journal of Asian Studies, 57(1), 233-235.

27. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2659068

28. Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley

29. And Los Angeles: University of California Press.

30. Hunt, M. H. (2009). Ideology and U.S. foreign policy. New Haven: Yale University Press.

31. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com

32. Ito, K. (2005, January 11). A History of Manga in the Context of Japanese Culture and Societ.

33. The Journal of Popular Culture, 38(3).

34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.2005.00123.x

35. Inoue, K. (1991). MacArthur's Japanese Constitution. Chicago: The University of Chicago

36. Press.

37. Iwabuchi, K. (1998). Marketing `Japan': Japanese cultural presence under a global gaze.

38. Japanese Studies, 18(2), 165-180. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10371399808727650

39. Kalotay, K. (2004, January 1). Will Foreign Direct Investment Take Off in the Russian

40. Federation? The Journal of World Investment & Trade, 5(1), 119-138. doi:https://doi.org/10.1163/221190004X00335

41. Katz, R. (1998). Japan, the system that soured:The rise and fall of the Japanese economic

42. miracle. N.p.: Rourledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

43. Kelts, R. (2006). Japanamerica: How Japanese Pop Culture Has Invaded the U.S. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

44. Kelts, R. (2009). From impressionism to anime: Japan as fantasy and fan cult in the mind of the West. Pacific Affairs, 82(2), 339-341. doi:https://www.jstor.org/stable/25608888

45. Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (1998). Power and interdependence in the information age. Foreign Affairs, 77(5), 81-94. doi:10.2307/20049052

46. Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (2000). Globalization: What's new? What's not? (And so what?). Foreign Policy, 104-119. Retried from: https://www.jstor.org

47. Kim, S., & Ellis, A. (2015, November 24). Noodle production and consumption: From

48. agriculture to food tourism in Japan. An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 17(1), 151-167. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2014.978812

49. Krauss, E. S. (20000). Broadcasting politics in Japan: NHK and television news. Ithaca: Cornell

50. University Press.

51. Lee, Y. W. (2004). The origin of one party domination: America's reverse course and the

52. emergence of the Liberal Democratic party in Japan. The Journal of East Asian Affairs, 18(2), 371-413. Retrieved from http://www.inss.re.kr/eng/news_view.htm?boardId=404624

53. Marukawa, T. (2013). Japan's high-Technology trade with China and its export control. Journal

54. of East Asian Studies, 13(3), 483-501. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1598240800008316

55. McGray, D. (2002, June). Japan's Gross National Cool. Foreign Policy, 44-54.

56. doi:10.2307/3183487 https://www.jstor.org/stable/3183487

57. Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics. New York: Norton & Company.

58. Mosk, C. (2001). Japanese industrial history: Technology, urbanization and economic growth. New York: Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315291734

59. Napier, S. J. (2005). Anime from Akira to Howl's Moving Castle: Experiencing contemporary Japanese anime. The United States Of America: St. Martin's Press.

60. Napier, S. J. (2007). From impressionism to anime: Japan as fantasy and fan cult in the mind of the West. Palgrave Macmillan.

61. Naumov, A. (2016). The "Soft power" of the Land of the Rising Sun. International Relations, 189-193. doi:10.7256/2305-560X.2016.2.16470

62. Nye, J. S. (1992). Coping with Japan. Foreign Policy, 96-115. doi:10.2307/1149076

63. Nye, J. S. (2008, March 1). Public diplomacy and soft power. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716207311699

64. Otmazgin, N. K. (2012, May 14). Geopolitics and soft power: Japan's cultural policy and

65. cultural diplomacy in Asia. Asia Pacific Reviw, 19(1), 37-61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13439006.2012.678629

66. Panton, M. A. (2010). Politics, practice and pacifism: Revising article 9 of the japanese

67. constitution. Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal, 11(2), 163-218. Retrieved from http://blog.hawaii.edu/aplpj

68. Pharr, S. J., & Krauss, E. S. (1996). Media and politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of

69. Hawai'i Press.

70. Prince, S. (1999). The warrior's camera: The cinema of Akira Kurosawa. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

71. Rogerson, K. S. (20000, December 2). Information interdependence: Keohane and

72. Nye's complex interdependence in the Information age. Information, Communication & Society, 3(3), 415-436. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180051033379

73. Roselle, L., Miskimmon, A., & O'Loughlin, B. (2014, March 24). Strategic narrative: A new means to understand soft power. Media, War & Conflict, 7(1), 70-84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1750635213516696

74. Shively, D. H. (1976). Tradition and modernization in Japanese culture. Princeton: Princeton

75. University Press.

76. Valaskivi, K. (2013, January 31). A brand new future? Cool Japan and the social imaginary of

77. the branded nation. Japan Forum, 25(4), 485-504. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2012.756538

78. Waller, J. M. (2009). Strategic influence: Public diplomacy, counterpropaganda, and political

79. warfare. Washington: The Institute of World Politics Press.

80. Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of international politics. The United States of America: Columbia University, Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies.

81. Ward, R. E. (1963, July). Political modernization and political culture in Japan. World Politics, 15(4), 569-596. doi:10.2307/2009457

82. Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is what states make of it: The social construction of power politics.

83. International Organization, 46(2), 391-425. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027764

84. Wilson, E. J. (2008, March). Hard power, soft power, smart power. The ANNALS of the

85. American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 110-124. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716207312618

86.

87. Winter, T. (2014, December 1). Cultural diplomacy, cosmopolitanism and global hierarchy at the shanghai expo. Space and Culture, 18(1), 39-54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1206331214534057

88. Yamashita, N., & Fukao, K. (2010, March). Expansion abroad and jobs at home: Evidence from

89. Japanese multinational enterprises. Japan and the World Economy, 22(2), 88-97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japwor.2009.10.001

90. Yang, J. (2010, December 16). Japan's decline relative to China: Scenarios and implications for East Asia. Political Science, 62(2), 146-165. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032318710384045

Official Websites

91. Anime Tourism Association. Retrieved from https://animetourism88.com/en

92. Asian Development Bank. Retrieved from http://www.adb.org

93. Ghibli Museum, Mitaka. Retrieved from http://www.ghibli-museum.jp/en/

94. Google trends. Retrieved from https://trends.google.ru

95. Japanese Embassy in Russia. Retrieved from

96. http://www.ru.emb-japan.go.jp/itprtop_ru/index.html

97. Japan Foundation. Retrieved from https://jpfmw.ru/

98. Japanese Film Festival Magazine (International). Retrieved from

99. https://www.japanesefilmfest.org

100. Japanese Film Festival Russia. Retrieved from https://jpfmw.ru/jp/festival-kino/

101. Japan External Trade Organisation. Retrieved from https://www.jetro.go.jp/en/

102. Japan National Tourist Organisation. Retrieved from https://www.jnto.go.jp

103. Japan Visualmedia Translation Academy. Retrieved from

104. https://www.jvtacademy.com/english/

105. «KOMONO» Magazine. Retrieved from https://kimonoimag.ru

106. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved from

107. https://www.mofa.go.jp/index.html

108. NHK World-Japan. Retrieved from https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/

109. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Retrieved from

110. https://data.oecd.org/

111. Prime Minister of Japan and his Cabinet. Retrieved from

112. https://japan.kantei.go.jp/index.html

113. Russian Federal Customs Service. Retrieved from http://www.customs.ru/ru/

114. Russian language official website of Visit Japan. Retrieved from https://visitjapan.ru

115. Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. Retrieved from http://www.tufs.ac.jp/english/

116. The World Bank. Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/

117. The Year of Japan in Russia. Retrieved from

118. http://www.ru.emb-japan.go.jp/japan2018/ru/index.html

119. YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com

Размещено на Allbest.ru