Research on Tonkin - Cochinchina civil war (Vietnam) during the 17th and 18th centuries through western materials

¹³ Nguyen Lord, who ruled Cochinchina when Alexandre de Rhodes arrived in this area (1624), was Nguyen Phuc Nguyen (1563-1635). He was the sixth son of Nguyen Hoang and the second Nguyen Lord, who ruled Cochinchina from 1613 to 1635. This was also the Tonkin - Cochinchina Civil War outbreak [20,

p. 20; 21, p. 120].

¹⁴ Nguyen Hoang (1525-1613) was known as Lord Tien, the first Lord of the Cochinchina, who dominated this area from 1558 to 1613. He was considered the beginning of the territory expansion trend southward of Vietnamese people in the 17^th and 18^th centuries [45, pp. 42-66; 61, pp. 84-85].

¹⁵ After Le Thanh Tong's reign (1460-1497), Later Le dynasty fell into a state of crisis and depression. In that context, in 1527, Mac Dang Dung usurped the throne of Later Le, founded the Mac dynasty, and located the imperial capital in Thang Long. A high ranking mandarin of the Later Le dynasty, Nguyen Kim, cherished his intention to oppose the Mac dynasty, so he found a descendant of the Later Le dynasty named Le Duy Ninh crowned emperor in 1533. From here, Dai Viet fell into a devastating civil war lasting until 1592, historically called the Southern and Northern Dynasties War between the forces of Mac dynasty in Thang Long and the force of Later Le Dynasty supported by Nguyen Kim and stationed in Thanh Hoa. While the confrontation with the Mac dynasty was going on, in 1545, Nguyen Kim was poisoned to death. The Southern dynasty's political power should have been transferred to his two sons, named Nguyen Uong and Nguyen Hoang. However, Nguyen Kim's son-in-law (i.e. Trinh Kiem) attempted to kill Nguyen Uong to monopolize the power. Nguyen Hoang, due to fear that his brother-in-law would kill him, obeyed Nguyen Binh Khiem's advice and applied for the ruling of Thuan Hoa land part of the Cochinchina region later. Here, he took care of building and consolidating his force, preparing the intention against the Trinh family in Thang Long [64, pp. 11-13].

¹⁶ Samuel Baron (unknown year of birth and year of death) was a Dutch merchant born in Ke Cho (Tonkin). His father was Hendrik Baron - an employee of The Dutch East India Company, and his mother was a Vietnamese woman. In 1659, he was sent back to Holland by his father. During the years of 1671-1672, he became an employee of the English East India Company. From 1678 to 1783, he mainly resided in Tonkin. During this time, Jean-Baptiste Tavernier published a book about Tonkin in Paris (1679). However, Jean-Baptiste Tavernier never set foot in Tonkin. He wrote this book mainly based on the

Jesuits' documents, so there was much inaccurate content in the book. Realizing this, Samuel Baron decided to write the book A Description of the Kingdom of Tonqueen, pointing out the errors, and at the same time providing an authentic picture in many fields of the Tonkin region. This was one of the valuable documents with profound significance in studying the North and North Central region of Vietnam in the 17^th century [18, pp. 74-83].

¹⁷ William Dampier was born in 1652 in East Coker in Somerset UK. He was an explorer who travelled the world three times in 1679, 1703 and 1708. In particular, after the first world expedition ended (1691), in 1697, he published A New Voyage Round the World series of books. He talked about what he saw and heard and his practical experiences in his journey in Tonkin (Vietnam) in 1688. He died in the Paish of St. Stephen, Coleman Street, London in 1715 [22, pp. 1-46, 83-84; 39, pp. 277-278; 50, pp. 124-125, 145, 333].

¹⁸ Giovanni Filippo de Marini (1608-1682) was an Italian Jesuit missionary. In 1625, he studied at St. Andrea's School of the Society of Jesus (Rome) and was ordained a priest in 1637. In 1640, he went to the Far East to preach the Gospel. From 1646 to 1658, he evangelized in Tonkin (Vietnam). In the process, he wrote the report Delle missioni de' padri della Compagnia di Giesh nella provincia del Giappone, e particolarmente di quella di Tumkino. In addition to the content about the missionary situation in this area, he also mentioned the political, social and cultural fields ofTonkin [1, p. xiv; 29, pp. 3-358].

¹⁹ Joseph Tissanier (1618 - after1688) was a French Jesuit missionary. In 1658, he went to Tonkin for evangelization. However, in 1663, he and other Jesuit missionaries had to leave Tonkin because of the Trinh Lord government's deportation order. During his stay in Tonkin, he recorded his missionary activity and other Jesuits in Relation du voyage du P. Joseph Tissanier de la Compagnie de Jesus depuis la France Jusqu'au Royaume du Tonkin. Joseph Tissanier also mentioned some contents related to the war between Trinh Lord in Tonkin and Nguyen Lord in Cochinchina [35, p. 392; 37, pp. 370-371].

²⁰ Benigne de Vachet was a missionary of The Society of Foreign Missions of Paris. He was born in 1641 in Dijon city, France. In 1668, he had ordained a priest and went to Siam on February 13, 1669. From 1671 to 1676, he accompanied Bishop Lambert de la Motte to visit the Cochinchina mission area twice. After many years of serving for Cochinchina and Siam's mission work, from November 1691, he moved back to the Paris Seminary and died there on January 19, 1720 [7, p. 237; 36, p. 337].

²¹ Frangois-Timoleon Abbe de Choisy was born August 16, 1644 in Paris. He was the youngest son of Jean III de Choisy, the lord of the Balleroy region. From 1662 to 1666, he studied philosophy and theology at Sorbonne. In 1683, he joined The Society of Foreign Missions of Paris. In 1685, he accompanied the French ambassador Chevalier de Chaumont to Siam. The things Choisy witnessed or heard during his journey in this country were recorded in the book Journal du voyage de Siam fait en 1685 et 1686, including the Tonkin region's content (Vietnam). He died on October 2, 1724 in Paris [10, pp. 62-63; 12, p. 262; 19, p. 1; 56, pp. 406-407].

²² In the late 18^th century, the Cochinchina government fell into a state of crisis and depression. The high tax system and the power abuse of high ranking mandarin Truong Phuc Loan made the people feel dissatisfied. In that context, the uprising movement broke out in many parts of this area. In which, the largest scale and influence was Tay Son uprising. In 1771, in the Tay Son area (An Khe, Gia Lai province), three brothers Nguyen Nhac, Nguyen Hue, and Nguyen Lu raised the flag of the uprising. The uprising quickly spread to other areas (Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, Quang Ngai). In 1777, the Tay Son forces destroyed the Nguyen Lord government in Cochinchina. In 1786, Nguyen Hue - one of three Tay Son uprising leaders, brought troops to Tonkin and overthrew Trinh Lord [20, pp. 39-47; 38, pp. 209-212].

²³ Pedro Marquez (unknown year of birth and death) was a half-Japanese Portuguese Jesuit missionary. In the period of 1627-1630, he went to Tonkin with Alexandre de Rhodes to preach the Gospel. Meanwhile, in the Cochinchina area, he undertook missionary work in 1618-1626 and 1655-1663. In such a process, he assumed Superior's position of the Society of Jesus many times in this mission area [35, p. 390].

²⁴ Vietnamese historical documents compiled in the 18^th century and nineteenth centuries said that Nguyen Lord ordered iron nets and iron chains at estuaries, especially in Bo Chinh area (Quang Binh) - the border between Cochinchina and Tonkin to stop the navy ofTrinh Lord [41, p. 59; 44, p. 134].

²⁵ Jean-Baptiste Tavernier was a famous French traveller. He was born in 1605 in Paris. From 1631 to 1668, he made six journeys to different parts of Asia. These journeys were rewritten by him in book Six voyages de J.B. Tavernier published in Paris in 1676. In 1679, he published the book Recueil de plusieurs relations et traitez singuliers et curieux de J.B. Tavernier, chevalier, baron d'Aubonne. Qui n'ont point este mis dans ses six premiers voyages. In which, the fourth part of the book mentioned the land of Tonkin (Vietnam). He died in Moscow in 1689, while on the way to conquer Asia once again [18, p. 80; 55, pp. 167-191].

²⁶ Nuntius de Horta (unknown year of birth) was an Italian Jesuit missionary. From 1760 to 1764, he undertook missionary work in Tonkin (Vietnam). In 1766, while in Ile de France to prepare to return to

Europe, he was informed that Tonkin co-religionists were about to face fierce religious prohibition by the Trinh Lord government. So, he decided to return to this mission area. In 1767, he was imprisoned by the Tonkin government for a quite long time and died in prison in 1778 [30, p. 137; 35, pp. 330-331, 395].

²⁷ Regarding this timeline, perhaps missioner Nuntius de Horta was confused because, according to Vietnamese history, the seventh battle between the Tonkin and Cochinchina armies occurred in 1672 [62, pp. 303-304].

²⁸ According to Christoforo Borri, during his stay in Cochinchina from 1618 to 1621, fishers picked up 60 cannons from the wrecked Portuguese and Dutch ships, including a few cannons of massive size [5, p. 81].

²⁹ Pierre Poivre was a missionary of The Society of Foreign Missions of Paris and also a merchant. On August 23, 1719, he was born in Lyon (France) in a silk business household. After a period of time working at the Paris seminary, in 1740, he went to the Far East to evangelize. His trip to China and Macau from 1741 to 1746 made him realize the benefits of establishing trade relations with countries in the Far East. Therefore, after returning to Europe in 1747, he gave up missionary work and began working for The French East India Company. In 1749, he went to Cochinchina (Vietnam) as the French East India Company representative to establish trade relations with the Nguyen Lord government. In the process, he also promptly recorded a report that mentioned many different fields of this land. In 1766, he was appointed as Intendant of the Isles de France (Mauritius) and Ile Bourbon (Reunion) islands. In 1772, Pierre Poivre returned to France, lived in Hyeres town, Southeastern France, for the rest of his life and died there in 1786 [32].

³⁰ Louis Laneau was a missionary of The Society of Foreign Missions of Paris. He was born on May 31, 1637, in Mondoubleau, France. On July 4, 1669, he was appointed Titular Bishop of Metellopolis and Vicar Apostolic of Siam. He made certain contributions to the establishment of relations between France and Siam. He promoted the evangelization of The Society of Foreign Missions of Paris in this country in the late 18^th century. He died in Ayutthaya on March 16, 1696 [17, p. 185; 49, p. 266].

³¹ Two scholars Leopold Michel Cadiere and Charles B. Maybon, said that Joao da Cruz came to help Nguyen Lord cast guns in 1615 [8, p. 125; 33, p. 98]. However, after careful research, scholar Pierre- Yves Manguin said that Joao da Cruz was not present at Cochinchina before 1658. Because in 1651, Nguyen Lord sent 5,000 Kati (3,000 kg) copper to Macao and asked the Portuguese to cast cannons for the Lord. If Joao da Cruz were present at Cochinchina, Nguyen Lord would not have done so [28, pp. 205-206].

³² Joao da Cruz (1610? - 1682) was a Portuguese (or Spanish) knowledgeable about Western cannon casting technique. In 1658, after working in the Kingdom of Cambodia for a while, he went to Cochinchina to help the government in this area cast cannons. With that merit, he received respect and generous treatment from Nguyen Lord. His presence and activities in weapon manufacturing at Nguyen Lord court in the late 17^th century initially promoted cultural exchange relations between Vietnamese and Westerners in science and technology [9, pp. 312-313; 52, pp. 35-39].

³³ Louis Chevreuil was born in 1627 in Rennes, France, was a missionary of The Society of Foreign Missions of Paris. In 1661, after joining The Society of Foreign Missions of Paris, he went to Siam to evangelize. From July 1664 to March 1665, acting as Vicar general of Bishop Lambert de la Motte, he came and operated in Cochinchina. However, it was not long before Nguyen Lord's government in Cochinchina banned Christianity; he was deported and had to return to Siam in April 1665. From 1666, he did missionary work in Cambodia. In 1670, he was arrested by Portugal in Macao. After being released (1673), he returned to Siam to work and died there on November 10, 1693 [27, p. 1275; 35, p. 250; 51, p. 17; 52, pp. 40-41]

³⁴ Giuliano Baldinotti was an Italian Jesuit missionary, born in 1591 in Pistoia, near Florence, who died in 1631 in Macao, China. He joined the Jesuits in 1609. Twelve years later (1621), he set off to the East to the mission. While visiting Macao, where many Portuguese people lived, Baldinotti decided to go to Tonkin. On February 2, 1626, he and Portuguese merchants and a Japanese missionary Giulio del Piano departed from Macao and reached Ke Cho (Tonkin) on March 7, 1626. Trinh Trang Lord wanted to establish a regular relationship with the Portuguese at that time, so he welcomed Baldinotti and the merchants very kindly. Because of his excellence in astronomy and mathematics, Baldinotti attracted the special attention of Trinh Lord, and the Lord asked him to stay longer. During this time, he had the opportunity to go in and out of the royal palace, witness many royal activities and regularly experienced daily life in Ke Cho. However, due to the absence of knowledge of the native language, his mission in Tonkin failed to achieve results [4, pp. 7178; 24, pp. 97-98].

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