The circular economy multiplies the productivity of resources produced by nature in terms of resource efficiency. It is aimed not only at the optimal use of water and raw materials, but also at energy resources.

The potential for reducing fossil fuel consumption through energy efficiency policies is much greater than replacing these fossil energy sources with other renewable energy sources.

High energy consumption in the processing industries raises a number of serious environmental problems. Lack of equipment and a lag in technology led to a significant excess of total emissions. The amount of total annual emissions of industrial pollutants is increasing. Pollution of air, water and solid waste is a serious threat to human health and environmental safety. The technical bottlenecks and environmental problems of the processing industries severely impede sustainable development. With economic development, population growth and improving living standards, the amount of energy consumed will undoubtedly increase in the future. Therefore, improving energy efficiency is vital to energy conservation efforts in the manufacturing industry. There is tremendous potential for energy savings in the manufacturing industry. Energy-saving technologies - technical updating, elimination of obsolete equipment, new production facilities using advanced technologies.

Positive effects of green and circular economies

The circular economy is one of the directions of the green economy, offering the state and business modern approaches to improving resource efficiency, achieving a social effect in the sphere of consumption of goods, in particular, due to the expanded responsibility of the manufacturer, as well as reducing the environmental footprint of production and manufactured goods. The concept of a circular economy is the practical basis for the implementation of the green economy and offers effective business models to ensure more environmentally friendly resource use, contributing to the achievement of the goals of sustainable development of society [11].

Some economists argue that policies that do not address environmental issues such as resource depletion, biodiversity loss, increasingly intense storms and floods and droughts due to climate change can lead to job losses and livelihoods. Therefore, solving environmental problems opens up opportunities for workers and employers and reflects economic growth. Thus, today's climate change industry will be at the forefront of the CleanTech sector. Global efforts to combat climate change and its effects have changed employment and investment patterns in the green economy. A large number of jobs and millions of green jobs were created in sectors such as renewable energy, energy efficiency of buildings, sustainable transport systems, agriculture, environmental protection, industry, research and development, management, activities and services. Green jobs are jobs that help mitigate the environmental threats facing humanity. Thus, the Clean Development Mechanism and the joint implementation tools included in the Kyoto Protocol, according to which companies and governments can receive carbon credits by supporting specific emission reduction projects, are potential financing mechanisms for green projects.

The ability of the environment to absorb contaminated waste

The ability of the environment to absorb contaminated waste and other impacts of energy technology is limited. This is manifested in two main classes of environmental costs: “external” costs, which are imposed by society's corruption on society and do not affect the financial accounts of consumers and energy producers, and “input costs”, which represent an increase in financial costs caused by measures aimed at reducing of external costs.

Both types of environmental costs have been and are increasing for many reasons, including: reduced quality in fuel production basins and energy transmission sites, the need to transport more materials over long distances and the construction of larger facilities, as well as the growing volume of contaminated waste from energy systems and the need to meet the ability of the environment to absorb waste. Such waste is not contaminated, and pollution control costs tend to increase with increasing pollution. The combination of increased energy consumption with a decrease in the quality of resources requires the removal of an increasing percentage of pollutants in order to maintain the level of damage unchanged. And this means an increase in input costs, in addition to the fact that public and political interest in the environment extends the time for choosing licensing and construction of energy facilities, and also increases the frequency of changes to project specifications before implementation and guidelines, which leads to another increase costs.

Waste recovery underlies the concept of a circular economy. This should be one of the main pillars of the industrial renaissance in the EU. The waste sector can and should contribute to improving the efficiency of resource use in the economy, provided that appropriate policies are applied. This is consistent with the leading EU initiative for a resource-efficient Europe, which was launched in 2011 as part of the Europe 2020 Strategy. The initiative supports the transition to a resource-saving low-carbon economy to achieve sustainable growth [6].

Energy of the future

Assuming that by 2100 the vast majority of the world's population should be provided with energy at a level corresponding to today's consumption in developed countries, the full satisfaction of humanity's energy needs in 2100 with a population of 11.213 billion will amount to 55.98 billion toe/year (2.34 Ч 1021 J/year).

With an average energy production efficiency of 68% in 2100, 81.68 billion toe/year (3.42 Ч 1021 J/year) should be produced, or 4.2 times more than in 2015.

All this energy, in accordance with physical laws, will become thermal waste and their accumulation will inevitably lead to catastrophic global warming, which can reach 5.5-7 ° C by 2100, rise in ocean level by 6-9 m, disappearance of glaciers - sources of drinking water for many regions.

To date, there are no sources capable of providing even part of the energy production required by 2100, especially with the upcoming exhaustion of hydrocarbons.

The only source of energy that is able to provide the future of mankind is the Sun, which in 1 hour gives energy to the Earth in the volume of consumption of all mankind in 2015.

However, the problem is that the density of solar energy at the equator does not exceed 360 W/m2 and solar panels with an area of about 10 million km2, taking into account the areas for maintenance and a 4-hour duty cycle, will be required to provide humanity with energy.

For comparison, the total area of the EU countries is 4.3 million km2, Kazakhstan - 2.72 million km2, the United States - 9.5 million km2.

In addition, about 200 million tons of today's most advanced batteries will be needed, with an annual replacement of 30 million tons.

Other energy sources also do not have a long-term global perspective: hydropower - the potential is almost exhausted, wind - low power density, uncontrolled frequency. energy service economic demand

Nuclear and thermonuclear energy, according to the models of individual organizations, are able to provide the world's energy needs of mankind for many centuries, but this will inevitably lead to environmental problems and an increase in the rate of global warming [12].

In the XXI century oil, gas and coal will remain the main sources of global energy. The high efficiency of these energy sources is of great importance for the sustainable development of mankind. At the same time, the global energy development strategy should take into account the prospects for using environmentally friendly energy sources and the latest technologies for their development, which will guarantee the energy security of our civilization. The world community must make a grandiose scientific and technological breakthrough in the development of the energy of the earth's interior, the ocean, the sun, space and the peaceful atom. Only then can we satisfy the growing demand for clean, plentiful, reliable and safe energy - the basis of a high standard of living, a developed economy and culture, international and national security. We must multiply this source of vitality and transfer it to the reliable hands of our descendants.

Conclusion

“The energy sector, which for decades has contributed to the growth and prosperity of the global economy, has contributed to increased emissions and is therefore responsible for reducing them,” says Eni CEO Claudio Descalzi. This means that we all need to use energy more efficiently in order to be able to separate economic growth from use resources and greenhouse gas emissions. One of the best ways to do this is to apply the principles of a circular economy to energy production and consumption. The circular economy provides pragmatic and effective solutions for the gradual depletion of vital resources for the functioning of the modern economy. Closing the cycles of materials, water and energy, this “other” economy allows the economy to grow, while reducing extraction from nature.

The concept of a circular economy is the practical basis for the implementation of the green economy and offers effective business models to ensure more environmentally friendly resource use, contributing to the achievement of sustainable development goals of society.

In fact, economic security can mean creating new jobs or searching for product markets. The idea of national security is that lower energy demand will affect our sense of global security. An analysis of many studies shows that the potential of the Earth's natural resources can provide humanity with energy for the long term. But an analysis of other studies also shows that in the future we can expect that oil production will peak and consumption and prices will continue to grow, disputes and conflicts over limited resources will increase and become constant. The energy sector in all countries plays a vital role in socially and economic development. Oil, gas and coal until the end of the 21st century will remain the basic elements of energy, their share will be about half of the global energy balance. The rational use of non-renewable resources is the most important task of the world community.

Investments in nuclear energy, like investments in other areas of electricity production, are economically justified if two conditions are met: the cost of a kilowatt hour is not more than with the cheapest alternative production method, and the expected demand for electricity is high enough so that the generated energy can sell.

Renewable energy is defined as an inexhaustible and rapidly renewable source of energy. Renewable energy is obtained through the use of ordinary natural phenomena, such as wind, hydropower, plant energy, or the energy of other planets, such as sunlight or radiated from the Earth's core (geothermal energy).

The ability of the environment to absorb contaminated waste and other impacts of energy technology is limited. This is manifested in two main classes of environmental costs: “external” costs, which are imposed by society's corruption on society and do not affect the financial accounts of consumers and energy producers, and “input costs”, which represent an increase in financial costs caused by measures aimed at reducing external costs.

The only source of energy that is able to provide the future of mankind is the Sun, which in 1 hour gives energy to the Earth in the volume of consumption of all mankind in 2015.

References

1. Energy security. Terms and definitions. - M.: IAC Energy, 2005.

2. Makarov A.A. World energy and the Eurasian energy space. - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1998.

3. 22nd International Economic Conference - IECS 2015 “Economic Prospects in the Context of Growing Global and Regional Interdependencies”, IECS 2015 The Economics and Finance of Energy Security.

4. Kalogirou, Soteris. Solar energy engineering: processes and systems. 2nd ed. 2013.

10 AES Ironwood CCGT Power Plant, Lebanon,

11. Yaryhina H. Analysis of the concepts of sustainable development of green and circular economies // Proceedings of young specialists of Polotsk State University. 2019. - N 26 (96): “Economic Sciences.” - P. 82-85.

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