ó㳺í³÷íå îáãðóíòóâàííÿ øëÿõ³â ì³í³ì³çàö³¿ óòâîðåííÿ õëîðîðãàí³÷íèõ ñïîëóê ïðè çàñòîñóâàíí³ õëîðó ó âîäîï³äãîòîâö³

Îñîáëèâîñò³ óòâîðåííÿ òà âèäàëåííÿ õëîðîðãàí³÷íèõ ñïîëóê íà âîäîî÷èñíèõ ñïîðóäàõ ïðè çàñòîñóâàíí³ äëÿ îáðîáêè ïðèðîäíî¿ âîäè õëîðóâàííÿ ç ïðåàìîí³çàö³ºþ. Øêàëà âèçíà÷åííÿ êàíöåðîãåííîãî ðèçèêó äëÿ çäîðîâ'ÿ ëþäåé â³ä ñïîæèâàííÿ õëîðîâàíî¿ ïèòíî¿ âîäè.

Ðóáðèêà Õèìèÿ
Âèä àâòîðåôåðàò
ßçûê óêðàèíñêèé
Äàòà äîáàâëåíèÿ 29.08.2014
Ðàçìåð ôàéëà 123,2 K

Îòïðàâèòü ñâîþ õîðîøóþ ðàáîòó â áàçó çíàíèé ïðîñòî. Èñïîëüçóéòå ôîðìó, ðàñïîëîæåííóþ íèæå

Ñòóäåíòû, àñïèðàíòû, ìîëîäûå ó÷åíûå, èñïîëüçóþùèå áàçó çíàíèé â ñâîåé ó÷åáå è ðàáîòå, áóäóò âàì î÷åíü áëàãîäàðíû.

Âûÿâëåíî, ÷òî â ïèòüåâîé âîäå âîäîïðîâîäíûõ ñåòåé õîçÿéñòâåííî-ïèòüåâîãî âîäîñíàáæåíèÿ (íà ïðèìåðå ã.Êèåâà â ïåðèîä èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ íà ÂÑ ïðåàììîíèçàöèè) êîëè÷åñòâî ÕÎÑ ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå èçìåíÿåòñÿ, îäíàêî ïîñëå äîõëîðèðîâàíèÿ ïèòüåâîé âîäû íà íàñîñíûõ ñòàíöèÿõ ìîæåò óâåëè÷èâàòüñÿ. Ñðåäíåãîäîâàÿ è ñåçîííûå êîíöåíòðàöèè ÕÎÑ â ïèòüåâîé âîäå èç âîäîïðîâîäíûõ êðàíîâ ïîòðåáèòåëåé íàõîäÿòñÿ íà óðîâíÿõ çíà÷èòåëüíî ìåíüøèõ ÏÄÊ, à èìåííî: ÕÔ - 23 ìêã/äì3 (12-29 ìêã/äì3), òðèõëîðåòèëåí -12 ìêã/äì3 (7-13 ìêã/äì3), ÷åòûðåõõëîðèñòûé óãëåðîä - <0,1 ìêã/äì3, äèáðîìõëîðìåòàí îòñóòñòâîâàë.

Íà îñíîâàíèè ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî õëîðñîäåðæàùèå àãåíòû ïî ñâîåé ðåàêöèîííîé ñïîñîáíîñòè îòíîñèòåëüíî îáðàçîâàíèÿ ÕÎÑ ìîæíî ðàñïîëîæèòü â òàêîé ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè: ãèïîõëîðèò íàòðèÿ ? õëîðíàÿ èçâåñòü > õëîðíàÿ âîäà > õëîðàììèà÷íàÿ âîäà.

Åêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûìè èññëåäîâàíèÿìè ïîäòâåðæäåíà çàâèñèìîñòü îáðàçîâàíèÿ ÕÎÑ ïðè õëîðèðîâàíèè ïðèðîäíîé âîäû îò êà÷åñòâåííîãî è êîëè÷åñòâåííîãî ñîñòàâà â íåé îðãàíè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ, äîçû è òèïà õëîðñîäåðæàùåãî àãåíòà, äëèòåëüíîñòè êîíòàêòà õëîðà ñ âîäîé è ïð.

Äîêàçàíà âîçìîæíîñòü ýôôåêòèâíîãî óäàëåíèÿ ÕÎÑ èç õëîðèðîâàííîé ïèòüåâîé âîäû íîâûìè ñîðáöèîííûìè çàãðóçêàìè èç àêòèâèðîâàííîãî óãëÿ ìàðîê Ê1 è Ñ2 (ýôôåêò î÷èñòêè - îêîëî 100%) è íåöåëåñîîáðàçíîñòü èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ñ ýòîé öåëüþ êëèíîïòèëîëèòà (ýôôåêò î÷èñòêè - 20-30%), à òàêæå èîíîîáìåííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ñèíòåòè÷åñêîãî è ïðèðîäíîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ (ýôôåêò î÷èñòêè ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè àíèîíèòà ÑÀÂ-990 - îêîëî 10%, ôèëüòðóþùåãî ìàòåðèàëà ÌÔ-1 - äî 10%).

Àíàëèç äàííûõ ïðîâåäåíîãî íà ÂÑ Óêðàèíû ìîíèòîðèíãà ïîêàçàë, ÷òî â íàñåëåííûõ ïóíêòàõ Äíåïðîïåòðîâñêîé, Ïîëòàâñêîé, ×åðêàññêîé, Õåðñîíñêîé, Êèðîâîãðàäñêîé, Çàïîðîæñêîé, Íèêîëàåâñêîé îáëàñòåé, âîäîñíàáæåíèå êîòîðûõ îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ äíåïðîâñêîé âîäîé è ãäå èñïîëüçóþò ãàçîîáðàçíûé õëîð, êîíöåíòðàöèè ÕÔ â ïèòüåâîé âîäå ïðåâûøàþò ÏÄÊ â 2-3 ðàçà. Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî òàì, ãäå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ âîäîñíàáæåíèÿ àðòåçèàíñêàÿ âîäà, ñîäåðæàíèå ÕÔ â ïèòüåâîé âîäå êîëåáëåòñÿ îò 0 äî 10 ìêã/äì3.

Îáîñíîâàíà è ïðåäëîæåíà äëÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ øêàëà îïðåäåëåíèÿ êàíöåðîãåííîãî ðèñêà äëÿ çäîðîâüÿ ëþäåé îò óïîòðåáëåíèÿ õëîðèðîâàííîé ïèòüåâîé âîäû. Íà îñíîâàíèè ðàñ÷åòîâ óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ïðè óïîòðåáëåíèè íà ïðîòÿæåíèè æèçíè ïèòüåâîé âîäû ñ êîíöåíòðàöèåé ÕÔ íà óðîâíå 60 ìã/äì3 (ÏÄÊ â Óêðàèíå) ìîæíî îæèäàòü ðàçâèòèå 8 äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ñëó÷àâ çàáîëåâàåìîñòè ðàêîì ñðåäè 100 òûñ. íàñåëåíèÿ, ÷òî, ñîãëàñíî ñ êëàññèôèêàöèåé ðèñêîâ ÑØÀ, îòâå÷àåò „íèçêîìó" ðèñêó, 0,2 ìã/äì3 (ÏÄÊ â Ðîññèè) îòâå÷àåò „ñðåäíåìó" ðèñêó, à êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ÕÔ 0,006 ìã/äì3 - „äîïóñòèìîìó" ðèñêó.

Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî êàíöåðîãåííûé ðèñê îò âðåäíîãî äåéñòâèÿ ÕÔ ìîæåò óâåëè÷èâàòüñÿ îò ïðèñóòñòâèÿ â âîäå, íàïðèìåð, òðèõëîðýòèëåíà (äëÿ ã. Êèºâà íà 30%), ÷òî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î íåîáõîäèìîñòè ðàññìàòðèâàòü òðèõëîðýòèëåí êàê ïðèîðèòåòíîå çàãðÿçíåíèå ïèòüåâûõ âîä.

Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîâåäåííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé äàëè îñíîâàíèå äëÿ îáîñíîâàíèÿ ïóòåé ïðåäóïðåæäåíèÿ èëè óìåíüøåíèÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ òîêñè÷íûõ ÕÎÑ ïðè õëîðèðîâàíèè âîä ïîâåðõíîñòíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ âîäîñíàáæåíèÿ: çàìåíà ìåòîäà õëîðèðîâàíèÿ íà àëüòåðíàòèâíûå ìåòîäû îáðàáîòêè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, çà ñ÷åò âíåäðåíèÿ áîëåå áåçîïàñíûõ õëîðíûõ òåõíîëîãèé ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìåíåå ðåàêöèîííûõ ðåàãåíòîâ, íàïðèìåð, õëîðàììèà÷íîé âîäû è äð. Íàäåæíûì ìåðîïðèÿòèåì äëÿ óäàëåíèÿ ÕÎÑ èç ïèòüåâîé âîäû ìîæåò ñòàòü èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñîðáöèîííûõ ôèëüòðîâ ñ àêòèâèðîâàííûì óãëåì.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õëîðîðãàíè÷åñêèå ñîåäèíåíèÿ, õëîðîôîðì, òðèõëîðýòèëåí, ÷åòûðåõõëîðèñòûé óãëåðîä, äèáðîìõëîðìåòàí, ïèòüåâàÿ âîäà, âîäîïðîâîäíûå ñòàíöèè, õëîðñîäåðæàùèå ðåàãåíòû, ñîðáåíòû, êàíöåðîãåííûé ðèñê.

ANNOTATION

Zorina O.V. Hygienic rationale of the ways for minimization of the formation of chlororganic compounds at using of chlorine in water preparation. - Manuscript. Dissertation for Candidate's Degree in Biology by the speciality 14.02.01- hygiene (biological science). - O.M. Marzeyev Institute for Hygiene and Medical Ecology of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2006/

Dissertation by Zorina O.V. is devoted to the study of the peculiarities and appropriatenesses of formation and disposal of chlororganic compounds (COC) at the water pipe-line stations and their behaviour in water pipe-line networks comparative hygienic assessment of various chlorine-containing agent from the point of view of the possibility of COC's formation, determination of conditions and factors affecting the process of their formation, rationale of the possibilities of the use of new mineral and organic sorbents for tertiary treatment of potable water from COC. For the first time in Ukraine a monitoring of chlorinated potable water concerning the content of COC has been fulfilled in this study and the most dangerous regions by the stages of water contamination and requiring the immediate infrodution of the prevention measures have been determined. The scales for the designation of carcinogenic risk of the use of chlorinated potable water with various content of chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloromethane and dibromochloromethane or minimization of potable water COC's contamination were elaborated.

Key words: chlorine-organic compounds, chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloromethane, dibromochloromethane, potable water, water pipe-line stations, chlorine-containing reagents, sorbents, carcinogenic risk.

Ðàçìåùåíî íà Allbest.ru


Ïîäîáíûå äîêóìåíòû

  • Îñíîâí³ ïðåäñòàâíèêè õëîðîðãàí³÷íèõ ñïîëóê, ùî øèðîêî âèêîðèñòîâóþòüñÿ â ñ³ëüñüêîìó ãîñïîäàðñòâ³ â ÿêîñò³ åôåêòèâíèõ çàñîá³â áîðîòüáè ç³ øê³äíèêàìè çåðíîâèõ, ïëîäîâèõ äåðåâ, îâî÷åâèõ ³ ïîëüîâèõ êóëüòóð. Íàñë³äêè ¿õ ïîòðàïëÿííÿ äî îðãàí³çìó, îòðóºííÿ.

    ïðåçåíòàöèÿ [593,4 K], äîáàâëåí 07.12.2014

  • Îñíîâè ïðîöåñó çíåçàðàæóâàííÿ âîäè. Ïîð³âíÿëüíà õàðàêòåðèñòèêà çàñòîñîâóâàíèõ äåç³íôåêòàíò³â: íåäîë³êè õëîðó ÿê ðåàãåíòó äëÿ çíåçàðàæåííÿ âîäè. Òåõíîëîã³÷íà ñõåìà óñòàíîâêè îòðèìàííÿ àêòèâíîãî õëîðó. Âèá³ð åëåêòðîë³çåðà, éîãî òåõí³÷í³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè.

    äèïëîìíàÿ ðàáîòà [946,1 K], äîáàâëåí 25.10.2012

  • Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ôàçîâî-äèñïåðñíîãî ñòàíó äîì³øîê, ùî âèäàëÿþòüñÿ. ²îíîîáì³ííèé ìåòîä çíåñîëåííÿ âîäè. Òåîðåòè÷í³ îñíîâè òà îïòèìàëüí³ ïàðàìåòðè ìåòîä³â î÷èñòêè ïðèðîäíî¿ âîäè. Îñîáëèâ³ñò³ óñòàíîâîê ç àí³îí³òîâèìè ô³ëüòðàìè. Ðîçðàõóíîê îñíîâíî¿ ñïîðóäè.

    êóðñîâàÿ ðàáîòà [1,3 M], äîáàâëåí 14.04.2015

  • Âëàñòèâîñò³ ðå÷îâèí äëÿ îáðîáêè ïàïåðó, ùî çá³ëüøóþòü ñò³éê³ñòü ãðàô³òíèõ íàïèñ³â. Îãëÿä êîìïîíåíò³â äëÿ îáðîáêè ïàïåðó. Âàð³àíòè ñò³éêèõ äî ñòèðàííÿ âîäîñò³éêèõ ÷îðíèë. Âçàºìîä³ÿ ñïîëóê òà õ³ì³÷íèõ ðåàêòèâ³â äëÿ íàïèñ³â, îñîáëèâîñò³ ¿õ âèäàëåííÿ.

    ïðåçåíòàöèÿ [1,9 M], äîáàâëåí 09.11.2014

  • Àíàë³ç ì³íåðàëüíî¿ âîäè íà âì³ñò ñîëåé íàòð³þ, êàë³þ, êàëüö³þ ïîëóìåíåâî-ôîòîìåòðè÷íèì ìåòîäîì òà íà âì³ñò ÍÑÎ3- òà ÑÎ32- òèòðèìåòðè÷íèì ìåòîäîì. Îñîáëèâîñò³ âèçíà÷åííÿ ¿¿ êèñëîòíîñò³. Âèçíà÷åííÿ ó ïðèðîäíèõ âîäàõ çàãàëüíîãî âì³ñòó ñïîëóê çàë³çà.

    ðåôåðàò [31,1 K], äîáàâëåí 13.02.2011

  • Ïåïòèäíèé çâ’ÿçîê òà óòâîðåííÿ â³ëüíèõ àì³íîêèñëîò. Ïîíÿòòÿ ïðî ð³âí³ îðãàí³çàö³¿ á³ëêîâèõ ìîëåêóë. Ó÷àñòü ð³çíèõ âèä³â õ³ì³÷íîãî çâ’ÿçêó â ïîáóäîâ³ ïåðâèííî¿, âòîðèííî¿, òðåòèííî¿, ÷åòâåðòèííî¿ ñòðóêòóðè á³ëêó. Á³îëîã³÷íå îêèñëåííÿ îðãàí³÷íèõ ñïîëóê.

    êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà [20,8 K], äîáàâëåí 05.06.2013

  • Äîñë³äæåííÿ îñíîâíèõ âèìîã äî ÿêîñò³ ì³íåðàëüíî¿ âîäè. Êëàñèôiêàöiÿ ì³íåðàëüíèõ âîä, ¿õ çíà÷åííÿ. Ïîêàçíèêè ÿêîñò³ ôàñîâàíî¿ âîäè. Ìåòîäè êîíòðîëþ ÿêîñò³. Âèçíà÷åííÿ ³îííîãî ñêëàäó âîäè çà åëåêòðîïðîâ³äí³ñòþ. ²îíîõðîìàòîãðàô³÷íèé àíàë³ç ì³íåðàëüíî¿ âîäè.

    êóðñîâàÿ ðàáîòà [319,9 K], äîáàâëåí 28.10.2010

  • Îñîáëèâîñò³ êîëîðèìåòðè÷íèõ ìåòîä³â àíàë³çó. Êîëîðèìåòðè÷íå òèòðóâàííÿ (ìåòîä äóáëþâàííÿ). Îðãàí³÷í³ ðåàãåíòè ó íåîðãàí³÷íîìó àíàë³ç³. Ïðèðîäà ³îíà ìåòàëó. Ðåàêö³¿, çàñíîâàí³ íà óòâîðåíí³ êîìïëåêñíèõ ñïîëóê ìåòàë³â. ßê³ñí³ âèçíà÷åííÿ îðãàí³÷íèõ ñïîëóê.

    êóðñîâàÿ ðàáîòà [592,9 K], äîáàâëåí 08.09.2015

  • ó㳺í³÷í³ âèìîãè äî ÿêîñò³ ïèòíî¿ âîäè, ¿¿ îðãàíîëåïòè÷í³ ïîêàçíèêè òà êîåô³ö³ºíòè ðàä³àö³éíî¿ áåçïåêè é ô³ç³îëîã³÷íî¿ ïîâíîö³ííîñò³. Ô³çèêî-õ³ì³÷í³ ìåòîäè äîñë³äæåííÿ ÿêîñò³. Âèçíà÷åííÿ çàë³çà, ì³ä³ ³ öèíêó â ïðèðîäíèõ âîäàõ òà ³îí³â êàë³þ ³ íàòð³þ.

    êóðñîâàÿ ðàáîòà [846,9 K], äîáàâëåí 13.01.2013

  • Øëÿõè íàäõîäæåííÿ â äîâê³ëëÿ ñïîëóê êóïðóìó, ôîðìè éîãî çíàõîäæåííÿ â îá'ºêòàõ íàâêîëèøíüîãî ñåðåäîâèùà òà âì³ñò â çåìí³é êîð³. Çàïàñè ì³äíèõ ðóä. Îãëÿä õ³ì³÷íèõ òà ô³çè÷íèõ ìåòîä³â àíàë³çó. Åêñòðàêö³éíî-ôîòîìåòðè÷íå âèçíà÷åííÿ êóïðóìó â ïðèðîäí³é âîä³.

    êóðñîâàÿ ðàáîòà [270,8 K], äîáàâëåí 09.03.2010

Ðàáîòû â àðõèâàõ êðàñèâî îôîðìëåíû ñîãëàñíî òðåáîâàíèÿì ÂÓÇîâ è ñîäåðæàò ðèñóíêè, äèàãðàììû, ôîðìóëû è ò.ä.
PPT, PPTX è PDF-ôàéëû ïðåäñòàâëåíû òîëüêî â àðõèâàõ.
Ðåêîìåíäóåì ñêà÷àòü ðàáîòó.