ó㳺í³÷íå îáãðóíòóâàííÿ øëÿõ³â ì³í³ì³çàö³¿ óòâîðåííÿ õëîðîðãàí³÷íèõ ñïîëóê ïðè çàñòîñóâàíí³ õëîðó ó âîäîï³äãîòîâö³

Âûÿâëåíî, ÷òî â ïèòüåâîé âîäå âîäîïðîâîäíûõ ñåòåé õîçÿéñòâåííî-ïèòüåâîãî âîäîñíàáæåíèÿ (íà ïðèìåðå ã.Êèåâà â ïåðèîä èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ íà ÂÑ ïðåàììîíèçàöèè) êîëè÷åñòâî ÕÎÑ ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå èçìåíÿåòñÿ, îäíàêî ïîñëå äîõëîðèðîâàíèÿ ïèòüåâîé âîäû íà íàñîñíûõ ñòàíöèÿõ ìîæåò óâåëè÷èâàòüñÿ. Ñðåäíåãîäîâàÿ è ñåçîííûå êîíöåíòðàöèè ÕÎÑ â ïèòüåâîé âîäå èç âîäîïðîâîäíûõ êðàíîâ ïîòðåáèòåëåé íàõîäÿòñÿ íà óðîâíÿõ çíà÷èòåëüíî ìåíüøèõ ÏÄÊ, à èìåííî: ÕÔ - 23 ìêã/äì³ (12-29 ìêã/äì³), òðèõëîðåòèëåí -12 ìêã/äì³ (7-13 ìêã/äì³), ÷åòûðåõõëîðèñòûé óãëåðîä - <0,1 ìêã/äì³, äèáðîìõëîðìåòàí îòñóòñòâîâàë.

Íà îñíîâàíèè ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî õëîðñîäåðæàùèå àãåíòû ïî ñâîåé ðåàêöèîííîé ñïîñîáíîñòè îòíîñèòåëüíî îáðàçîâàíèÿ ÕÎÑ ìîæíî ðàñïîëîæèòü â òàêîé ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè: ãèïîõëîðèò íàòðèÿ ? õëîðíàÿ èçâåñòü > õëîðíàÿ âîäà > õëîðàììèà÷íàÿ âîäà.

Åêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûìè èññëåäîâàíèÿìè ïîäòâåðæäåíà çàâèñèìîñòü îáðàçîâàíèÿ ÕÎÑ ïðè õëîðèðîâàíèè ïðèðîäíîé âîäû îò êà÷åñòâåííîãî è êîëè÷åñòâåííîãî ñîñòàâà â íåé îðãàíè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ, äîçû è òèïà õëîðñîäåðæàùåãî àãåíòà, äëèòåëüíîñòè êîíòàêòà õëîðà ñ âîäîé è ïð.

Äîêàçàíà âîçìîæíîñòü ýôôåêòèâíîãî óäàëåíèÿ ÕÎÑ èç õëîðèðîâàííîé ïèòüåâîé âîäû íîâûìè ñîðáöèîííûìè çàãðóçêàìè èç àêòèâèðîâàííîãî óãëÿ ìàðîê Ê1 è Ñ2 (ýôôåêò î÷èñòêè - îêîëî 100%) è íåöåëåñîîáðàçíîñòü èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ñ ýòîé öåëüþ êëèíîïòèëîëèòà (ýôôåêò î÷èñòêè - 20-30%), à òàêæå èîíîîáìåííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ñèíòåòè÷åñêîãî è ïðèðîäíîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ (ýôôåêò î÷èñòêè ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè àíèîíèòà ÑÀÂ-990 - îêîëî 10%, ôèëüòðóþùåãî ìàòåðèàëà ÌÔ-1 - äî 10%).

Àíàëèç äàííûõ ïðîâåäåíîãî íà ÂÑ Óêðàèíû ìîíèòîðèíãà ïîêàçàë, ÷òî â íàñåëåííûõ ïóíêòàõ Äíåïðîïåòðîâñêîé, Ïîëòàâñêîé, ×åðêàññêîé, Õåðñîíñêîé, Êèðîâîãðàäñêîé, Çàïîðîæñêîé, Íèêîëàåâñêîé îáëàñòåé, âîäîñíàáæåíèå êîòîðûõ îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ äíåïðîâñêîé âîäîé è ãäå èñïîëüçóþò ãàçîîáðàçíûé õëîð, êîíöåíòðàöèè ÕÔ â ïèòüåâîé âîäå ïðåâûøàþò ÏÄÊ â 2-3 ðàçà. Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî òàì, ãäå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ âîäîñíàáæåíèÿ àðòåçèàíñêàÿ âîäà, ñîäåðæàíèå ÕÔ â ïèòüåâîé âîäå êîëåáëåòñÿ îò 0 äî 10 ìêã/äì³.

Îáîñíîâàíà è ïðåäëîæåíà äëÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ øêàëà îïðåäåëåíèÿ êàíöåðîãåííîãî ðèñêà äëÿ çäîðîâüÿ ëþäåé îò óïîòðåáëåíèÿ õëîðèðîâàííîé ïèòüåâîé âîäû. Íà îñíîâàíèè ðàñ÷åòîâ óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ïðè óïîòðåáëåíèè íà ïðîòÿæåíèè æèçíè ïèòüåâîé âîäû ñ êîíöåíòðàöèåé ÕÔ íà óðîâíå 60 ìã/äì³ (ÏÄÊ â Óêðàèíå) ìîæíî îæèäàòü ðàçâèòèå 8 äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ñëó÷àâ çàáîëåâàåìîñòè ðàêîì ñðåäè 100 òûñ. íàñåëåíèÿ, ÷òî, ñîãëàñíî ñ êëàññèôèêàöèåé ðèñêîâ ÑØÀ, îòâå÷àåò „íèçêîìó" ðèñêó, 0,2 ìã/äì³ (ÏÄÊ â Ðîññèè) îòâå÷àåò „ñðåäíåìó" ðèñêó, à êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ÕÔ 0,006 ìã/äì³ - „äîïóñòèìîìó" ðèñêó.

Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî êàíöåðîãåííûé ðèñê îò âðåäíîãî äåéñòâèÿ ÕÔ ìîæåò óâåëè÷èâàòüñÿ îò ïðèñóòñòâèÿ â âîäå, íàïðèìåð, òðèõëîðýòèëåíà (äëÿ ã. Êèºâà íà 30%), ÷òî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î íåîáõîäèìîñòè ðàññìàòðèâàòü òðèõëîðýòèëåí êàê ïðèîðèòåòíîå çàãðÿçíåíèå ïèòüåâûõ âîä.

Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîâåäåííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé äàëè îñíîâàíèå äëÿ îáîñíîâàíèÿ ïóòåé ïðåäóïðåæäåíèÿ èëè óìåíüøåíèÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ òîêñè÷íûõ ÕÎÑ ïðè õëîðèðîâàíèè âîä ïîâåðõíîñòíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ âîäîñíàáæåíèÿ: çàìåíà ìåòîäà õëîðèðîâàíèÿ íà àëüòåðíàòèâíûå ìåòîäû îáðàáîòêè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, çà ñ÷åò âíåäðåíèÿ áîëåå áåçîïàñíûõ õëîðíûõ òåõíîëîãèé ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìåíåå ðåàêöèîííûõ ðåàãåíòîâ, íàïðèìåð, õëîðàììèà÷íîé âîäû è äð. Íàäåæíûì ìåðîïðèÿòèåì äëÿ óäàëåíèÿ ÕÎÑ èç ïèòüåâîé âîäû ìîæåò ñòàòü èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñîðáöèîííûõ ôèëüòðîâ ñ àêòèâèðîâàííûì óãëåì.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õëîðîðãàíè÷åñêèå ñîåäèíåíèÿ, õëîðîôîðì, òðèõëîðýòèëåí, ÷åòûðåõõëîðèñòûé óãëåðîä, äèáðîìõëîðìåòàí, ïèòüåâàÿ âîäà, âîäîïðîâîäíûå ñòàíöèè, õëîðñîäåðæàùèå ðåàãåíòû, ñîðáåíòû, êàíöåðîãåííûé ðèñê.

ANNOTATION

Zorina O.V. Hygienic rationale of the ways for minimization of the formation of chlororganic compounds at using of chlorine in water preparation. - Manuscript. Dissertation for Candidate's Degree in Biology by the speciality 14.02.01- hygiene (biological science). - O.M. Marzeyev Institute for Hygiene and Medical Ecology of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2006/

Dissertation by Zorina O.V. is devoted to the study of the peculiarities and appropriatenesses of formation and disposal of chlororganic compounds (COC) at the water pipe-line stations and their behaviour in water pipe-line networks comparative hygienic assessment of various chlorine-containing agent from the point of view of the possibility of COC's formation, determination of conditions and factors affecting the process of their formation, rationale of the possibilities of the use of new mineral and organic sorbents for tertiary treatment of potable water from COC. For the first time in Ukraine a monitoring of chlorinated potable water concerning the content of COC has been fulfilled in this study and the most dangerous regions by the stages of water contamination and requiring the immediate infrodution of the prevention measures have been determined. The scales for the designation of carcinogenic risk of the use of chlorinated potable water with various content of chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloromethane and dibromochloromethane or minimization of potable water COC's contamination were elaborated.

Key words: chlorine-organic compounds, chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloromethane, dibromochloromethane, potable water, water pipe-line stations, chlorine-containing reagents, sorbents, carcinogenic risk.

Ðàçìåùåíî íà Allbest.ru