Vertebrates as bioindicators of climate change

foreststeppe

and rocky terrain, wormwood and cereal (mainly feather grass) steppes, dried-up peat bogs, meadow lake basins and river floodplains, annual rainfall does not exceed 600 mm

4. Natural enemies: eagles (golden eagle, steppe eagle, imperial eagle) and white-tailed eagle, fox, corsac, wolf, badger, stray dogs and cats and steppe polecat, corvids (rook, gray and black crows, magpie), harrier, buzzard

The basis of animal feed is insects and their larvae (locusts, crickets, grasshoppers) and beetles (ground beetles, dead beetles, lamellar, weevils and leaf beetles). The latter include the Colorado potato beetle. Bed bugs and butterfly caterpillars are less commonly caught. The chicks are fed by Formica ants and their pupae. On occasion, birds eat earthworms, snails, isopods, earwigs, frogs, lizards, nestlings of groundnesting birds (such as skylark). During the years of mass reproduction, small rodents are hunted. Bustards also need drinking water. In summer, flocks of birds periodically fly to the watering place, in winter they use snow

Quail

Meadows, steppes, fields

1. The amount decreases with increasing temperature and humidity

Molluscs

Painter's mussel (Unio pictorum}

Fresh water reservoirs

Inhabits lakes and slow- flowing rivers, on sandy, silty ground.

1. Clean water.

2. Hydrological regime

Thick shelled river mussel fUnio crassus)

Fresh water reservoirs

It lives in rivers with clear water and a fast current.

1. Clean water.

2. Habitat change

3. Hydrological regime

Discus rotundus

Terrestrial mollusc

Broad-leaved, oakhornbeam forests. It is found in the depths of the forest. These gastropods live in forests and damp shady places, in dead logs, under stones, on humus and in soil litter, sometimes in colonies. The species can tolerate non- calcareous substrate

1. Habitat changes

Planorbidae

Fresh water reservoirs

They can be found in slowly flowing or stagnant shallow water bodies, as well as overgrown backwaters, in places where there is no fast current. Such reservoirs are distinguished by an abundance of rotting vegetation, which serves for coils not only as a refuge, but also as food.

Prefers grape leaves. It lives in thickets of bushes, on light forest edges

1. Medium-pure water

2. Hydrological regime

Grape snail

Terrestrial mollusc

in gardens, parks.

The colour of the shell in some individuals is darker, in others it is lighter. The color saturation depends on the habitat and is related to the intensity of illumination and the background of the environment. Accordingly, by the colour of the shell, it can be determined whether its habitat was well lit or more overgrown. Winters in the soil. That is, they were mined in the warm season

1. Warm humid climate

2. Natural enemies: hedgehogs, shrews, lizards, moles and other animals, including some beetles and predatory snails

Uses leaves of grapes and wild strawberries, cabbage, nettle, burdock, lungwort, dandelion, plantain, radish, horseradish. An animal needs calcium salts to grow its shell.

European oyster

Seawater

There is an edible oyster in the intertidal zone. They live on hard soils - stones, rocks or on mixed sandy- stony soils at depths from 1 to 50-70 m. The optimum water temperature for the growth and development of oysters is 18-22°C, salinity is 17-25%o the minimum salinity at which they can exist is 12%o.

1. Water temperature and salinity

Crustaceans

European crayfish (Astacus astacus)

Fresh water reservoirs

Fresh clean water: rivers, lakes, ponds, fast or flowing streams (3-5 m deep and with depressions up to 7-45 m). In summer, the water should warm up to 16-22°C.

1. Water purity

2. Hydrological regime

Vegetable (up to 90%) and meat food (mollusks, worms, insects and their larvae, tadpoles, carrion). In summer, crayfish feeds on algae and fresh aquatic plants (weed, elodea, water lily,), in summer it lives in shallow water, in winter it moves to a depth where the soil is strong, clay or sandy.

Danube crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus)

Fresh water reservoirs

Prefers warm, warmed up in summer, nutrient-rich low-lying reservoirs or slowly flowing rivers. It also lives in polluted water bodies. In suitable coastal slopes, he digs residential holes, more resistant to pollution than European crayfish

1. Hydrological regime

It feeds on algae (especially calcium-rich chara algae) and fresh aquatic plants - this is a pondweed, elodea

Plants

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Forest, foreststeppe

In the form of impurities, they are distributed mainly in the subzone of deciduous forests; they are also found in the southern and middle parts of the subzone of spruce forests. Pure stands are rare.

Successfully grow on fertile soils, especially on alluvial. Some species tolerate saline soils and relatively dry habitats.

1. Warm climate

All species are quite shade- tolerant, especially when young; in full light form a powerful crown.

1.

Pine

Forest

On typical forest sites, birch, white alder, and some willows are occasionally mixed with pine; in lower places, with moister soil, there is a more significant admixture of various hardwoods, with even greater soil moisture, spruce is often mixed in very significant quantities, and in northern forests, other conifers.

2. Light-loving.

3. Sandy and sandy soil

Grape

Wild species of grapes grow in humid places along river valleys, in gorges, deciduous forests and on the mountain slopes of the temperate and subtropical zones of the northern hemisphere.

1. Warm climate

Ј

Forest

Ivy loves shady places

Grows in lakes, backwaters and oxbow lakes of slow-flowing rivers, in shallow waters

1. Warm climate

Water caltrop (Trapa natans)

Fresh water reservoirs

Prefers silty soils of slowly flowing or stagnant reservoirs. Often forms continuous thickets. It is sensitive to the composition of water, illumination and temperature, the water temperature is about 25- 30°C.

1. Hydrological regime

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