Динамика состояния древостоев пихты сибирской, поврежденных уссурийским полиграфом Polygraphus proximus Blandf. в Томской области

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Аннотация

Динамика состояния древостоев пихты сибирской, поврежденных уссурийским полиграфом Polygraphus proximus Blandf. в Томской области. Бисирова Э.М. - н.с. лаборатории мониторинга лесных экосистем Института мониторинга климатических и экологических систем СО РАН; н.с. Томского филиала Всерос. центра карантина растений. Кривец С.А. - канд. биол. наук, в.н.с. лаборатории мониторинга лесных экосистем Института мониторинга климатических и экологических систем СО РАН. г. Томск, Россия.

Приведены результаты шестилетних мониторинговых исследований (20122017 гг.) пихтовых древостоев Томской области, поврежденных уссурийским полиграфом Polygraphus proximus, инвазионным короедом дальневосточного происхождения. Выявлена отрицательная динамика в их состоянии, обусловленная деятельностью инвайдера и заключающаяся в повсеместном уменьшении доли здоровых особей пихты, увеличении доли ослабленных, сильно ослабленных и погибших деревьев, а также в массовом образовании валежа. Показано, что различия в степени и темпах деградации древостоев обусловлены как особенностями насаждений, в первую очередь качественным и количественным состоянием кормовой базы полиграфа, так и локальных очагов его размножения. Обнаружена значимая корреляционная взаимосвязь гибели деревьев в 2012-2014 гг. со среднемесячной температурой воздуха в 20112013 гг. в период развития P. proximus. Полученные данные являются базой для экологического мониторинга пихтарников Томской области и прогнозирования регионального лесообразовательного процесса.

Ключевые слова: биологические инвазии; насекомые-дендрофаги; мониторинг состояния лесных экосистем; Abies sibirica Ledeb., Томская область, Западная Сибирь.

Abstract

Dynamics of the state of Siberian fir tree stands damaged by the four-eyed fir bark beetle Polygraphus proximus Blandf. in Tomsk Oblast. Elvina M. Bisirova¹'², Svetlana A. Krivets¹

1Institute ofMonitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation

2Tomsk Branch of the All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center, Russian Federation

In connection with the hidden invasion into Siberian dark-coniferous ecosystems after an accidental drift with timber, the four-eyed fir bark beetle was identified in the territory of Southern Siberia only at the end of the first decade of this century (Baranchikov YuN, 2010; Baranchikov YuN et al, 2011).

The first 30-40 years after emergence of the four-eyed fir bark beetle, its population underwent adaptation in new conditions, and only at the beginning of the 2000s the outbreak foci were formed (Baranchikov YuN et al, 2014).

In Tomsk Oblast, the earliest cases of death of Abies sibirica Ledeb trees. from Polygraphus proximus were registered in 2000, according to dendrochronological data. It is supposed that the invader penetrated the territory of Tomsk Oblast in the mid 1990s (Demidko DA, 2014).

Forest pathologists of Tomsk Forest Health Centre (Krivets SA et al, 2011) have noted unusually strong drying of fir trees in the south of Tomsk Oblast since 2010. The aim of the research was to analyze spatial and temporal characteristics of Polygraphus proximus Blandf., an aggressive invasive bark beetle of the Far Eastern origin, impact on Siberian fir forest stands.

In 2012-2017, we carried out studies in the southern taiga forests of Tomsk Oblast (southeast of the West Siberian Plain) suffering from invasion of the four-eyed fir bark beetle. We analyzed state dynamics of damaged stands on seven sample plots at three model sites for the purpose of long-term monitoring.

The first model site (56°12'34''N 85°02'21''E) is the state landscape reserve “Larinskiy”, which includes the reference site of a transitional zone from the plain southern taiga to the mountain taiga of the Kuznetsk Alatau with fragments of aboriginal dark-coniferous forests where Abies sibirica prevails. The second site (56°17'32''N 85°28'25''E) is located in the neighborhood of the settlement of Basandayka, which is an especially protective forest area with a high proportion of fir trees as a part of forest stands.

The third site (56°27'59''N 85°06'09''E) is especially protected natural territory of local significance “Zavarzinskiy forest district”, presenting a large massif of suburban green stands, generally, of natural origin, and having an important nature protection value.

We selected sites for creating sample plots on the basis of the variety of species composition, age structure and taking into account the damage by the invader revealed as a result of preliminary reconnaissance surveys of model sites. To assess the state of trees, we used a scale of state categories.

This scale was developed taking into consideration the interaction of the Siberian fir and the four-eyed fir bark beetle. Healthy trees (without signs of weakening, not attacked by the four-eyed fir bark beetle) are referred to the 1st category of state. The 2nd category is weakened trees (attacked by the four-eyed fir bark beetle, but not colonized, with single or moderate drips of resin from places of attack, with resin-soaked entrances of beetles).

The 3rd category is extremely weakened trees (with abundant drips of resin, attacked by the four-eyed fir bark beetle, there are non resin-soaked entrances on the trunk, without successful colonization of beetles on the tree). Trees of the 1st, the 2nd and the 3rd categories are viable. The 4th category is drying trees (colonized by the four-eyed fir bark beetle).

The 5th category is trees which have died in the current year (fresh deadwood killed by the four-eyed fir bark beetle). The 6th category is trees which died in previous years (old deadwood).

Average weighted categories of tree state, stand vitality index, degradation level, and vitality structure of a stand were used as integral indicators (Methods of monitoring..., 2004; Alexeev V, 2004; Yarmishko VT et al, 2003).

The 7th category, “fallen trees”, is introduced to refer to the formation speed of wind-thrown and wind-broken trees in the stands damaged by the four-eyed fir bark beetle over the period of observation.

The initial state of fir stands in 2012 varied on different sample plots as a result of extension of the four-eyed fir bark beetle invasion in previous years under specific stand conditions. Differences in disturbance of forest stands are due to various factors of the Siberian fir weakening: intraspecific (competitive suppression of the second generation in multiple-aged stands), interspecific (root and stem fungal pathogens) and anthropogenic (change in illumination when laying power lines), which determined the qualitative and quantitative state of the host plants of P. proximus and its numbers.

We revealed changes in distribution of trees by state categories and in integral indicators of the stand state on sample plots during the six-year studies (See Tables 2-8). All stands were characterized by negative dynamics of vitality index due to activities of the four-eyed fir bark beetles. General trends for the studied stands are as follows: a consistent decrease in healthy fir trees, an increase in weakened, extremely weakened and dead trees, and a massive number of fallen trees in 2015-2017 (See Fig. 1).

Differences in degree and speed of degradation of tree stands are caused by peculiarities of stands (mainly, vitality of the Siberian fir) and by the development stage of local outbreak foci of P. proximus. The maximum mortality of trees was observed in 2013 after an air temperature increase in summer 2011 and, especially, in 2012, which led to physiological weakening of trees and an increase in the quantity and harmfulness of the invader.

The current level of degradation of fir forest stands is one of important predictors of the short-term forecast of deterioration in their state. The greatest concern is caused by forest stands in especially protected natural areas: in the “Larinskiy landscape reserve”, the quantity of viable trees according to the data on sample plots is from 14.1 to 46.4%, and there are more than 35% of fallen trees. In the “Zavarzinskiy forest district”, in the stands with the prevalence of fir, the quantity of viable trees is 35.7% and that of fallen trees is 18.6%. As massive quantities of dead wood and fallen trees appear at fast rate in the stands damaged by the four-eyed fir bark beetles, there will be an increase in forest fires and changes in the carbon deposition function. The obtained data are the basis for the environmental monitoring of fir forests in Tomsk Oblast and the forecasting of regional forest formation process.

The paper contains 8 Table, 2 Figures and 28 References.

Key words: biological invasions; dendrophagous insects; monitoring the state of forest ecosystems; Abies sibirica Ledeb., Tomsk oblast, Western Siberia.

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