Cultural Intelligence of Russians in Japan: The Role of Intercultural Contacts, Acculturation Strategies and Permeability of Social Boundaries

в

в

в

Cultural intelligence

0.32

0.03

-0.01

R2

0.02

F

0.79

Role of permeability of social boundaries in the relationship between acculturation strategies and cultural intelligence

The results of final step of moderation analysis (table 13 below) show that social boundaries permeability does not play any moderation role in the relationship between integration strategy and cultural intelligence. Thus, integration strategy is positively related to cultural intelligence of Russians in Japan without any dependence on social boundaries permeability.

Table 13. Moderation role of social boundaries permeability in the relationship between integration and cultural intelligence

Predictor Outcome	Integration	Social boundaries permeability	Interaction of integration and permeability
	в	в	в
Cultural intelligence	0.63**	-0.28	0.09
R2	0.19
F	7.60**

The results of final step of moderation analysis (table 14 below) show that social boundaries permeability weakens the relationship between assimilation strategy and cultural intelligence. Thus, integration strategy is positively related to cultural intelligence of Russians in Japan without any dependence on social boundaries permeability.

Table 14. Moderation role of social boundaries permeability in the relationship between assimilation and cultural intelligence

Predictor Outcome	Assimilation	Social boundaries permeability	Interaction of assimilation and permeability
	в	в	в
Cultural intelligence	0.17	0.8**	-0.35*
R2	0.08
F	2.96*

Specifically, conditional effect analysis shows that when social boundaries are perceived as low permeable, when the relationship between assimilation and cultural intelligence is positive. However, with the growth of permeability it becomes not significant.

Table 15. Conditional effects of assimilation depending on social boundaries permeability

Social boundaries permeability	Effect	p
Low	0.53	0.02
Middle	0.17	0.23
High	-0.19	0.28

Generally speaking, this means that if Russians in Japan believe that they cannot penetrate into the local society, then intensive communication with local friends will lead to a higher cultural intelligence. However, with the growth of perceived permeability that is not important for cultural intelligence anymore whether they communicate intensively or rarely with their local friends. This conclusion is visualized on the figure 4 below.

Figure 4. Moderation role of social boundaries permeability in the relationship between assimilation and cultural intelligence

Finally, the results of moderation analysis (table 16 below) show that social boundaries permeability does not play any moderation role in the relationship between separation strategy and cultural intelligence. Thus, separation strategy is not related to cultural intelligence of Russians in Japan at any condition.

Table 16. Moderation role of social boundaries permeability in the relationship between integration and cultural intelligence

Predictor Outcome	Separation	Social boundaries permeability	Interaction of integration and permeability
	в	в	в
Cultural intelligence	-0.11	0.00	0.05
R2	0.02
F	0.82



Chapter 4. Discussion

4.1 Discussion of the results

This research found confirmation for our Hypothesis 1. It was identified that the friendship intensity is positively associated with the level of cultural intelligence. This may be due to the fact that communication provides opportunities for non-formal learning, assimilation of knowledge and skills, as well as increased motivation. This is consistent with previously discovered results and theoretical assumptions that indicate that intercultural communication along with cultural learning is one of the most important ways of building intercultural competence (Barret, 2012). This agrees well with results of other studies showing that contacts promote cultural learning (Chen, Isa, 2003), greater tolerance (Thomsen, 2012), positive attitudes towards other cultures (Williams, Johnson, 2011) and cultural intelligence (Engle, Crowne, 2014).

Moreover, it has been detected that this link does not depend on the permeability of the borders. This may be related to that the intensity of contacts indicates its own activity and is a behavioral reflection, rather, the internal locus of control; at the time, as the focus on border permeability serves, rather, reflecting the external locus of control. And in past researches, it was revealed that only the internal locus of control was positively related to the cultural intelligence (Messara, Karkoulian, Harake, 2008).

Hypothesis 2 of the study was partially confirmed. The intensity of friendly contacts also was positively related to the assimilation strategy and not related to other strategies, though the most preferred strategy is considered to be integration. This may be associated with the fact that the choice of acculturation strategy is related not only to the personal activity and characteristics of the migrant, but to the peculiarities of the receiving society, for example, acculturation expectations and positive perception of foreigners (Vakis, 2008). Japan is 98% mono-ethnic state, and, as studies show, the Japanese people feel that their ethnic group is a superior one (Murphy-Shigematsu, 1993), and Japanese residents are not too favorable to accept cultural diversity (Qi, 2011). Possible therefore, the intensity of contacts in the first time leads to the desire to become same as Japanese and do not support own culture. The conclusion is all the more interesting, given that more than 80% of respondents have long-term plans for staying in Japan

In addition, we have found that the perceived permeability of the borders determines the relationship between the intensity of other contacts and the strategies of acculturation. In the conditions of less permeability of borders, the intensity of contacts with Japanese friends are positively associated with assimilation and negative with separation. With the growth of border permeability, communication data is weakening. Thus, the harder it is to become a part of Japanese society, the more Russian migrants communicating with Japanese are tending to refuse their own culture.

Finally, our hypothesis 3 of this study was partially confirmed. The integration strategy turned out to be a significant predictor of cultural intelligence, independent of the permeability of social boundaries. That is in order to understand another (Japanese culture) and effectively adapt to her, the important role is played not only by including in a new culture, but also by maintaining your own cultural background; this condition reflects the importance of intercultural comparisons in the formation of cultural intelligence. This confirms the results of numerous researches in different samples showing that integration is the most favorable strategy (Lebedeva, Ryabichenko, 2016; Berry, Poortinga, Breugelmans, Chasiotis, Sam, 2011).

Moreover, under conditions of low permeability of social boundaries, the assimilation strategy is positively related to cultural intelligence. That is, if a person thinks that becoming a member of the new community is very difficult, even giving up his own culture and adopting local culture will contribute to the development of cultural culture.

4.2 Limitations and future directions of research

Limitations are connected with the questions in the CQ Scale: the participants responded that it was confusing to answer about “other cultures”, arguing that, for instance, they can like to live in one culture, but in another cannot. So, the response is totally dependent on which culture do they have in association with “other culture”. Though, it was added in the instruction that participants should respond being “based on their experience in Japan”, many of respondents kept in mind Japanese culture. Thus, in this case we can only say about certain trends in interaction with representatives of other cultures.

Correlational design of the study is a limitation, since it does not allow to establish the direction of communication. The results that have now been obtained are conditional. To clarify the results, a quasi-experimental or longitudinal study is needed when we can measure the level of cultural intelligence a person has just arrived in Japan, then after a while take measurements again and see if people chose strategies depending on their level of intelligence or if their level changed intelligence after choosing a specific strategy.

Though the sample size of this study would be better to increase, past research shows that similar studies often have less than 119 participants (Miller, Tomita, Ong, et al., 2019). Taking into account the difficulty of sampling and the coronavirus challenge to gain it (the author should have gone to Tokyo University of Foreign Studies for an exchange program to conduct research in close proximity to respondents), this sample still represents the specificity of the Russian migrant community that appeared in Japan these days.

This study showed that there is a wide field for further research that can be aimed at finding the reasons for the lack of communication between friendly contacts and the integration strategy. Another significant direction might consider the experience of discrimination, and how it affects acculturation and Cultural Intelligence. Cultural intelligence itself in the framework of the procedural model could be considered in more detail. The organizational climate or the climate at the university should be examined more thoroughly, because it can also be important, as they may offer social support.



Conclusion

Thus, in this research we aimed to extend previous research by exploring the relationship of Cultural Intelligence within a new group and context. Two relatively independent paths to higher levels of cultural intelligence were discovered. First, Russians who choose an integration strategy are more interculturally competent. Secondly, Russians who communicate intensively with the Japanese turn out to be more interculturally competent, while the choice in favor of an assimilation strategy, due to the intensity of contacts, is not important.

Whereas, we also found that surprisingly the intensity of friendly contacts with Japanese was positively related only to the assimilation strategy and not related to other strategies (even the integration one), which again demonstrates the unique socio-cultural characteristics of Japan and the difficulties of adaptation to it.



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Appendix A

Questionnaire of the study

MIRIPS for studying Acculturation strategies

Оцените, пожалуйста, степень своего согласия/несогласия со следующими утверждениями

	Абсолютно не согласен	Скорее не согласен	Не знаю, не уверен	Скорее согласен	Абсолютно согласен
Я считаю, что русские, живущие в Японии, должны сохранять свои культурные традиции и не усваивать японские
Я предпочитаю участвовать в таких мероприятиях, в которые включены только русские
Для меня важно владеть в совершенстве и русским, и японским языками
Я предпочитаю мероприятия, в которых участвуют только японцы
Для меня важнее владеть в совершенстве русским языком, чем японским
Я считаю, что русские, живущие в Японии, должны как поддерживать собственные культурные традиции, так и усваивать японские
Я считаю, что русские, живущие в Японии, должны усваивать японские культурные традиции и не поддерживать собственные
Я предпочитаю иметь только друзей-японцев
Владеть в совершенстве японским языком для меня важнее, чем русским
Я предпочитаю иметь в качестве друзей только русских
Я предпочитаю участвовать в мероприятиях, в которые включены и русские, и японцы
Я предпочитаю иметь друзей, как среди русских, так и среди японцев



Boundary Permeability Scale

Продолжите, пожалуйста, фразу, выбрав один из подходящих вариантов ответов.

	Очень трудно	Трудно	Не могу сказать	Легко	Очень легко
Русскому человеку, по вашему мнению, быть принятым в японское общество…
Стать полноправным членом различных японских групп (дружеских, профессиональных и пр.) русскому человеку…
Если бы русский человек захотел участвовать в общественной деятельности вместе с японцами, сделать это ему было бы…
Независимо от того, какие усилия предпринимает русский человек, стать «своим» среди японцев ему…

Friendship Intensity Scale

Несколько вопросов о Ваших друзьях и знакомых. Отметьте наиболее подходящий вариант ответа. Сколько у Вас близких друзей?

	Ни одного	Только один	2-3	Несколько	Много
Близких друзей - русских
Близких друзей - японцев
Близких друзей другой национальности

Как часто Вы встречаетесь с …

	Никогда	Редко	Иногда	Часто	Каждый день
близкими друзьями-русскими?
близкими друзьями - японцами?
близкими друзьями другой национальности?

Cultural Intelligence Scale

Прочитайте, пожалуйста, каждое утверждение и оцените степень согласия с каждым из утверждений, используя следующую шкалу: 1 -- полностью не согласен; 2 -- не согласен; 3 -- скорее не согласен; 4 -- затрудняюсь ответить; 5 -- скорее согласен; 6 -- согласен; 7 -- полностью согласен. Отвечая на эти вопросы, пожалуйста, базируйтесь на своем опыте в Японии.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Для обогащения своих культурных знаний я специально больше общаюсь с представителями других культур.
Я знаком с особенностями экономики и права иных культур.
Я получаю удовольствие от общения с представителями других культур.
Я изменяю свою речь (интонация, тон, акцент) при общении с представителем иной культуры, если это необходимо.

Прочитайте, пожалуйста, каждое утверждение и оцените степень согласия с каждым из утверждений, используя следующую шкалу: 1 -- полностью не согласен; 2 -- не согласен; 3 -- скорее не согласен; 4 -- затрудняюсь ответить; 5 -- скорее согласен; 6 -- согласен; 7 -- полностью согласен. Отвечая на эти вопросы, пожалуйста, базируйтесь на своем опыте в Японии.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Я осознанно использую свои знания при взаимодействии с представителями разных культурных слоев.
Я знаком с особенностями разных языков (лексика, грамматика).
Я уверен в том, что могу найти общий язык с представителями любых незнакомых мне культур.
Я использую паузы или молчу при общении с представителем иной культуры, если это необходимо.
Я знаком с особенностями использования жестов в иных культурах.
Я осознанно использую свои знания при взаимодействии с представителями разных культур.
Я знаком с особенностями религиозных убеждений и ценностями иных культур.
Я уверен, что легко смогу адаптироваться к жизни в другой культуре.
Я меняю темп своей речи при общении с представителем иной культуры, если это необходимо.
Я проверяю точность своих знаний о другой культуре при общении с ее представителями.
Я знаком с особенностями заключения брака в иных культурах.
Я получаю удовольствие от жизни в стране, культура которой мне не знакома.
Я изменяю свое невербальное поведение (мимика, жесты, позы) при общении с представителем иной культуры, если это необходимо.
Я знаком со спецификой искусства и ремесел в иных культурах.
Я уверен, что легко смогу совершать покупки в любых других странах
Я изменяю свою мимику при общении с представителем иной культуры, если это необходимо.

Demographic Information

Укажите, пожалуйста, ваш возраст

XSEX2 - Ваш пол:

Мужской

Женский

Q10 - Ваша национальность:

Q11 - Место вашего рождения:

Q12 - Ваше место проживания до приезда в Японию:

Q13 - Как долго вы находитесь в Японии? (Например, 1 год и 2 мес)

Q14 - Сколько времени вы планируете находиться в Японии?

XEDU - Укажите ваш уровень образования

Среднее школьное образование

Среднее профессиональное образование

Высшее образование (бакалавриат)

Высшее образование (магистратура)

Научная степень

Appendix B

Table #. Correlations between key constructs of the study

Construct	1	1.1	1.2.	1.3	1.4	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Cultural intelligence (average)	1
Meta-cognitive component	0.78**	1
Cognitive component	0.82**	0.53**	1
Motivational component	0.79**	0.53**	0.49**	1
1.4.Behavioral component	0.79**	0.54**	0.46**	0.51**	1
Integration strategy	0.42**	0.55**	0.24*	0.33**	0.3**	1
Assimilation strategy	0.01	0.02	-0.01	0.18	0.13	-0.1	1
Separation strategy	-0.12	-0.04	0.04	-0.22*	-0.18	-0.03	-0.27**	1
Intensity of friendly contacts with Japaneese	0.33**	0.18	0.3**	0.29**	0.26**	-0.07	0.28**	-0.16	1
Construct	1	1.1	1.2.	1.3	1.4	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Permeatability	0.12	0.11	0.01	0.23*	0.1	0.11	0.26**	-0.33**	0.31**	1
Age	0.08	-0.04	0.2*	-0.03	0.04	-0.06	-0.21*	-0.01	0.13	0.07	1
Gender	0.17	0.14	0.26**	-0.04	0.15	-0.02	-0.03	0.19	0.03	-0.08	0.12	1
Duration of stay in Japan by now	0.11	0.09	0.19	0.01	0.05	-0.11	-0.14	0.07	0.26*	0.13	0.69**	0.2*	1
Intention to stay in Japan for more than a year	-0.01	-0.05	-0.08	0.00	0.1	0.06	-0.17	-0.19	0.17	0.33**	0.2*	-0.03	0.21*	1
Notes: N = 101; *p<0.05; **p<0,01

Appendix C

Table #. The results of path-analysis of relationship between investigated constructs

Outcome	Predictor	в	p
Cultural Intelligence (CI)	Integration	0.9	***
	Assimilation	0.09	0.52
	Separation	-0.08	0.60
	Intensity of friendly contacts	0.43	0.00
Acculturation strategies	Integration	Intensity of friendly contacts	-0.07	0.49
	Assimilation		0.28	0.00
	Separation		-0.16	0.11
Components of CI	Meta-cognitive	CI	58	***
	Cognitive	CI	0.35	***
	Motivational	CI	0.45	***
	Behavioral	CI	0.42	***

***p<0.001



Appendix D

Table #. Mediation Effects of Acculturation Strategies

Path	Total effect	Direct effect	Indirect effect
	в	в	в
Intensity of friendly contacts Integration Cultural Intelligence	0.37	0.43	-0.06
Intensity of friendly contacts Assimilation Cultural Intelligence	0.44	0.42	0.02
Intensity of friendly contacts Separation Cultural Intelligence	0.43	0.42	0.01

*p<0.05 **p < 0.01

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