Abbreviations And Acronyms in Online Communication

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Abbreviations And Acronyms in Online Communication



Online communication is one of the most common forms of communication; some of online communication takes place in English. Internet communication language tends to compactness and hence a set of abbreviations that require systematization had been set.



1. Reduction as an effective way of word formation

1.1 Learning the language of Internet communication is an actual direction in lexicology

One of the most characteristic features of the development of the English language at this stage is an intense increase in new words as a result of new technical and scientific inventions. The sphere of information technologies, especially the World Wide Web, is a powerful stimulus for the emergence of a huge number of specific concepts that need to be given names and fixed in the English language.

In terms of importance and impact on the development of the world civilization and scientific and technical progress, the Internet has become a symbol of our era. The era of the information society and postmodern culture. And today it has become a global phenomenon the dynamics of spread of which has no analogues. As of December 2005 the number of network users was close to 1 billion people; by 2015 it is planned to reach the second billion, as the Internet is increasing by 18% per year. Thus, today, in the era of global communications, Internet communication is becoming probably the most popular. It accumulates a large variety of speech practices, means and formats of communication, presentation capabilities virtual personality.

From this point of view a particularly interesting area of research is the reduction of words in the English language on the Internet, which are extremely varied (initialism, syllabic abbreviations, acronyms, seam, word-contraction, edge trimming, contractures, etc.). Their extremely widespread, generally not accompanied, transcripts cause considerable difficulties in the use of the Internet. According to statistics, one of the largest sites dedicated to reductions in the network in its database currently keeps 4195875 English abbreviations.

Studied lexicographical sources indicate the absence of developed theoretical propositions concerning models and Internet space reductions in the English vocabulary. Analysis were subjected to individual terms of the network within the research on the problems of computer technology in English [Atabekova, 2003; Akulinina, 2003; Belikov 2004], or only partially addressed in the study of computer discourse [Galichkina 2001]. Overall, therefore, it should be recognized that the British cuts in the Internet has not yet been subjected to systematic analysis, resulting in their disorder, which entails difficulties in the use and study of the formation of the vocabulary.

Thus, the relevance of this work is determined by the need for systematization and classification of the most frequently used abbreviations in the English language of the Internet, as the field of promoting a high level of mutual understanding and cooperation in all areas of the world community. Global network the Internet, combining all kinds of mobile information sharing, has become a vital foundation for the development of business people and just human communication.

Proceeding from this, the main goal of this work is to create a typology of English codified lexical and graphic cuts the Internet based on the collected body of material. This work is the first comprehensive analysis of experience, both in linguistic and theoretical and practical aspects of one of the most exciting, original and new phenomena of modern English.

1.2 Methods of word-formation in English

Linear models of word formation:

Affixation.

Compounding.

Differentiation of difficult words and phrases.

Nonlinear models of word formation:

Conversion

Reversion

Affixation - one of the most common methods of derivation, which is the joining of the affix to the base. In this case, affixes, prefixes and suffixes may differ not only in the place in the word, but also by the degree of self-sufficiency.

Compounding - this method is the formation of new words can be transmitted by "base + base", thereby forming the compound word.

Differentiation of difficult words and phrases:

Very productive in modern English are the type of education make up, ie. E. Combination consisting of a meaningful framework and nepolnoznachnogo second component.

Reversion

Nonlinearity of reversion, or reverse derivation is expressed primarily in very relative regularity of the model. Unlike linear models, deploying an initial element, as it shortens the reversion basis, cutting off what appears to be a suffix.

Conversion

This method of derivation is very characteristic of the English language due to its analytical system. The essence of conversion as a word-formation process is what relocates the functional shift of the word from one category to another.

Reduction

The essence of this method of derivation is cutting off part of the stem, which is either the same as the word or phrase is united by a common sense.

Word-merging, or word-fusion

Word fusion, also called gusset word formation or a telescope, is a relatively new method of derivation. Unlike other methods derivational unit here is not the base, and its arbitrary fragment.

1.3 Various approaches to the study of abbreviations

Reduction - a unit of spoken or written language, created from the individual elements of sound or graphical shell of a long-form, with which the unit is located in a particular lexical-semantic connection. According G.Sterna there are 4 reasons for the formation of abbreviations:

1) Phonetic;

2) Graphic;

3) Functional;

4) By economy of effort.

Generally accepted was the division of all the abbreviations on the graphic and lexical under graphic reductions imply reductions that apply only in writing, not having its own special sound form, which is realized in speech as appropriate unabridged form. Graphic reductions are also divided into:

1) Point;

2) Hyphened;

3) Curvilinear;

4) Italic;

5) None;

6) Combined.

Lexical reduction is a unit of language, which has not only an outside, but also an externally marked value, and the current in the speech as something that already exists and only reproduced in speech. Lexical reduction is also divided into:

1) Syntax;

2) Morphology.

Classification of lexical reduction is extremely difficult of specifying of their structure, large variability, and the possibility of interaction of different ways using abbreviations with other methods of derivation. Usually, it is divided into the following five types of cuts:

1) Abbreviations;

2) Acronyms;

3) Abbreviated code names;

4) Contractures;

5) Organizational purposes.

1. Abbreviations include a number of extra-linguistic components and are adequately perceived in their harmonious combination. The translator must keep in mind that ignoring these components he will not be able to translate abbreviations and acronyms with the greatest efficiency.

2. The choice of the method of transfer or receive depends on many factors. This is the nature of the source text, and the audience of the consumer products, and especially the psychology of an interpreter, his commitment to a certain literary tradition. It all depends on each individual case.

3. The need for prior disclosure abbreviations or save expand abbreviations throughout the text translation involve mainly to the lack of certain realities in our lives, or simply to the lack of an equivalent abbreviation in Russian.

4. Task of the Translator is to use all the knowledge of the theoretical foundations of transfer to transfer the communicative function of the original as well as the theoretical foundations of knowledge transfer and extra-linguistic realities necessary condition for the adequacy of the translation.

Abbreviation is usually straightforward, and this, as we have said, makes it easier to transfer. Here , however, it is necessary to add that at the same time many of the cuts at different referents have the same or approximately the same letter (syllabic) structure, the same graphical form: they almost complete unmotivated these units (eg, initial reduction) even in the broader context such homonymous creates tangible difficulties and causes translation errors.

For example, the Russian abbreviation AK stands for up to 10 words

-Air compressor;

-Air Corps;

-The Kalashnikov assault rifle;

-Truck crane;

-Administrative Committee;

-Anthracite fist;

-Army Corps;

-Artillery compass;

-Artillery shell;

-Astronomical calendar.

Also, in English, LOL can mean “Laugh out loud” or “Lot of love”, and the translation depends on the context. abbreviation acronym online communication

Reduction is the essence of the method of derivation, it is the cutting-off of a part of the stem, which is either the same as the word or phrase is united by a common sense. Acronyms are usually subdivided into lexical and graphic. To include truncated lexical words (clipped or stump words) and acronyms (initial words, or acronyms). May decline any fragments of speech, regardless of morpheme boundaries: doc - doctor; frige - refrigerator; phone - telephone, etc. The most common type of finite truncations are - `exam', `doc', `gym' (of the `examination', `doctor', `gymnasium', respectively). Truncation type `plane', `phone' (from `airplane', `telephone') are called initial, for instance, `frig' or `flu' (from the refrigerator, influenza) illustrate the so-called finite initial truncation. Semantic side of the resulting word remains unchanged, although stylistic affiliation changes downward. There may be some spelling changes (mic - microphone, ambish - ambition, etc.). The process of derivation can not end truncation, and complicated by, for example, Substantivation if abbreviated word was part of the phrase. For example, truncation of the word zoological (zoological garden) in conjunction with further substantivizing led to the word zoo; similar example is the American movie (moving pictures).

Acronyms are formed from the initial letters of words in a phrase, united by a common sense (BBC British Broadcasting Corporation; AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome; USA United States of America; etc.). Reduction in each of the words occurs in the definition, only one way - the final truncation. Spelling acronyms as `uniform' represents a combination of uppercase letters.

Graphic reductions are also numerous and are used to indicate the measures, units or quantities (kg, km, mph, Dr, Mr, etc.). The conventionality of this type of reduction, seen in the fact that in speech, is fully reproduced (hence the name of the type). Special subgroups are graphic reduction Latin words in the speech reproduced in English. This group includes the well-known i. e. (Latin - id est, English - that is); e. g. (Latin exempli gratia, English for example); etc. (Latin et cetera, English and so on), and so on. d. Besides the type of graphical cuts are made in writing and indicate some banknotes, such as і (Lat. libra, Eng. pound), d (Lat. denarius, English . penny) and so on. g.

English subtype specific cuts - half-reductions, vol. E. Combination acronym one member with full phrases based on other (A-bomb - atomic bomb; V-day - Victory day, etc.). Similar half-reductions are close to the characters, which is confirmed by the widespread word X-mas, the first of which is nothing else than as a substitute for the name of Christ the symbol of the cross.

The main objective of cuts is a saving of speech and written text. The pronunciation and writing of the reduction in time is about five times shorter than its corresponding concepts. However, the benefits of such savings are only good as long as the reduction of apparent companions and their interpreter.

Often, an interpreter, and sometimes for writing, use of abbreviations in speech or text is a certain complexity. Even with the use of well known and commonly used abbreviations can cause serious problems.

When translating reductions, it is necessary to consider that in the Russian scientific-technical and professional style, abbreviated words are used much less frequently and so many English reductions must be deployed in unreduced words.

Summing up the head, reducing the use of internet communication is becoming increasingly popular, its systematization and classification of that is demanded and more will follow.



2. Analysis of English Abbreviations Used in Internet Communications

2.1 The method of analysis types of cuts

It is well known that the cuts are one of the most difficult to understand and transfer elements of foreign special texts. A full understanding of the reduced lexical units is possible only with a great knowledge of the subject, which is dedicated to a specific text, as well as in the case where the reader know in advance the value used in the text cuts. However, familiarity with the basic laws and principles of education abbreviation abbreviations greatly simplifies the task of understanding and transfer rate.

Context Analysis

1. In most cases, the reduction in the first occurrence in this text is usually accompanied by transcript. Therefore, if the nature of the work requires a reference not to the first, and subsequent sections of a text, and they found unfamiliar reduction, it is necessary to see the previous sections of the text, is especially important to review the entire text if decoding acronyms are given.

2. The use of dictionaries of abbreviations and other reference materials.

While the setting value reductions using dictionaries seems at first glance the most reliable and efficient way, in fact, it has serious limitations. Since reductions are among the most moving elements of vocabulary, dictionaries of abbreviations obsolete much faster than other linguistic dictionaries. In this regard, the recent literature one can find a lot of cuts, had not yet found the reflection in the existing dictionaries. When working with the dictionary, note the following:

-Before resorting to the dictionary, it should be pre-set by the context, to any area of expertise relates this decline;

-For the correct translation you should have bilingual general and terminological dictionary;

-Monolingual dictionaries contain only the transcript, which can lead to error.

3. Analysis of the structure of cuts.

This method is applicable only in abbreviated with a complex structure. The composition may include reductions in addition to letters of additional signs: dots, oblique lines, etc. For proper decryption, their functions are in need to be known. The presence or absence of a point in the reduction, usually does not affect the reduction. Oblique line can perform several functions:

-Denote the boundaries of words and parts of words (a / c - aircraft - aircraft, F / C flight control - flight control);

-Replace prepositions and conjunctions (L / A - lighter than air -lighter air);

-Provides additional information to the main part (DCS / 0 Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations - Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations).

In parentheses is always some additional information to the main part of the reduction. Hyphen usually indicates the boundaries of words or phrases to correlate.

4. The use of analogies.

Using analogies is inextricably linked with the analysis of the structure and abbreviations used helper method, as it can provide only a rough understanding of reduction.

These classification methods of abbreviations are rather conventional. In principle, the analysis of the context is essential to an understanding of any given text; the use of the method of analogy requires an analysis of sentence structure, etc. however, in practice, inevitably, a combination of these methods. With some experience of the translator himself identifies specific to certain texts model reductions, allowing it further easy to navigate in the common values of the new cuts, built on such models.

2.2 Study of types of abbreviations used in internet communication

In English, you can distinguish the following types of abbreviations:

a) Letter abbreviations;

b) Syllabic reduction;

c) Partial reduction

g) Mixed reduction

d) Truncated words.

Literal terminology abbreviations and English are spoken or as the names of letters, or as a word made up of the letters; AFK (Away from keyboard) and ROFL (Roll on the floor laughing) letter abbreviations are written in capital letters

Acronyms with conjoint pronunciation written in lowercase or uppercase letters without periods (sometimes the first letter is capital, and the rest - lowercase): IMHO (In my humble opinion), Sry (Sorry), and so on.

Literal terminology reduce both alphabetical and conjoint with pronunciation are widely used not only in writing but also in speech. As regards the origin of letter abbreviations interestingly noted. Some researchers believe that the letter abbreviations are initially formed in written speech, and only over time they will have begun to be used in speech. But in reality, it is often the opposite is true, that is. Abbreviation occurs initially in the spoken language, and then it is part of terminology.

Letter terminological reduction is formed by the reduction of first letters of words that make up a sustainable terminilogical phrase or compound word, one word. However sometimes, in order to bring the reduction to pronunciation standards of English in the contraction of the words included and the second letters of individual words.

Letter terminological reduction is a lot of terminological general cuts. Other types of reductions in scientific and technical terminology are limited application.

Truncated words are common in the vernacular, but in scientific and technical terminology are rather rare. The rule as they arise in the vernacular, but some of them then enter the terminology.

Often the new terms or complex-reduced words are formed by truncating the two words and merging them into one. In this case, one word loses its initial, and the other - the final part. For instance, the word `gratsu' means `[I] congratulate you'.

The Conclusion

In this paper, we have investigated some of the features of acronyms' and abbreviations' translation from English into Russian. As a result of this work, I came to these conclusions.

In my humble project, the characteristic of the reduced lexical items, the notion of reduction as a unit of spoken or written language, created from the individual elements of sound or graphical shell a long-form, with which the unit is located in a particular lexical-semantic connection. There are four reasons of education cuts:

-Phonetic;

-Graphics;

-Functional

-Economy of effort.

Generally accepted was the division of all the abbreviations on the graphic and lexical under graphic reductions implies reductions that apply only in writing, not having its own special sound form. Lexical reduction is a unit of language, which has not only external (sonic) side, but the outward expression of value, and the current in the speech as something that already exists and only reproduced in speech. The main types of contractions are described, i.e. abbreviation, acronym, abbreviation code name, contracture, organizational purposes. Function is defined as abbreviations:

1. An integral element of the lexical-semantic system of a particular language.

2. Means of saving effort and linguistic resources.

3. The process of word formation.

4. A panto-lexical unit.

5. Stylistic means for giving special literary flavor.

6. Tool replenishment vocabulary and etc.

The work identifies the main methods of abbreviations such as decoding which is the establishment and definition of correlative value of the reduction in the specific context of abbreviations for the following main methods:

-Analysis of the context;

-The use of dictionaries and other reference materials;

-Analysis of the structure of abbreviations;

-The use of analogies.

The main methods of transmission of foreign reductions in Russian are:

-Transfer of the foreign equivalent reduction Russian acronym suggests its presence on TL, is most frequently used in the translation of scientific and technical texts, especially for the transmission of abbreviated various physical quantities, units, etc .;

-Reduce foreign borrowing, mainly words with Latin roots; this method is relatively rare, mainly for cuts included in any system of symbols;

-Transliteration, is mainly used for transmission of proper names;

-Creation of a new Russian abbreviation set is the translation of a foreign correlative reduction and creation on the basis of transfer in accordance with the laws of Russian abbreviation of the new cuts in the Russian language. The choice of the mode of transmission of foreign reductions in Russian depends on many factors, including the nature of the text, structure, reduction, and transfer to established traditions of certain groups of cuts.

We also consider the number of special cases was difficult to translate abbreviations. Difficulties in translation may be associated with the transfer synonymous abbreviations interlingual homonyms, multivalued abbreviations, acronyms as monolingual units and educated of her units, zero transfer abbreviations, acronyms transfer obsolete.

Informative capacity, ease of casting, easy to remember acronyms, especially acronyms, promote the growth of their numbers and use in various fields of communication, and thus increasing the need for their research. In studies on the problems of abbreviations, contains many controversial statements. Is still much that is unclear on the question of the nature of the abbreviations of their relationships with the language, there is no strict, clear classification of structural types of reduced lexical units, not given a rigorous scientific analysis of the structural characteristics of individual types. Extremely much uncertainty on the question of the lexical-semantic features of abbreviations semantic regularities of their development. This, currently one of the most important tasks in the field of the general theory is the abbreviation for the collection and analysis of reliable and extensive factual material on which we could build a generalization of all acronyms lexical items and give them a detailed description of what may be a topic for further research.

Reduction has recently become one of the most productive ways of updating the vocabulary of many languages. The number of reduced lexical units in the development of language in the tens of thousands.

The problem of reducing draws the growing attention of linguists. Widespread use of a wide variety of cuts is a kind of answer to the first place in the world of scientific and technological revolution. It is not surprising that the most intensively used abbreviation is to replenish the new vocabulary, the rapidly developing fields of science and technology: space exploration, rocket business, electronics, nuclear energy, programming, etc.

Reduction brings a lot of problems from the point of view of the theory of word formation. Until now, the debate is focused on how justly regarded as one of the ways of reducing the derivation.

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