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Windows

When you start your computer, the first thing you see is the desktop. The desktop is your work area.

To shut down your computer:

1. Click on the Start button. The Start menu will appear.

2. Click on Shutdown. The Shut Down Windows dialog box will appear.

3. Click on the Shut Down radio button.

4. Click on OK.

To shutdown and immediately restart your computer:

1. Click on the Start button. The Start menu will appear.

2. Click on Shut Down. The Shut Down Windows dialog box will appear.

3. Click on the Restart radio button.

4. Click on OK.

Standby mode

When your computer is in the Standby mode, your computer consumes less electricity but is ready for immediate use. If the computer loses electrical power while in the standby mode, any information you have not saved will be lost.

To put your computer in Standby mode:

1. Click on the Start button. The Start menu will appear.

2. Click on Shutdown. The Shut Down Windows dialog box will appear.

3. Click on the Stand By radio button.

4. Click on OK.

To start a program:

1. Click on the Start button, located in the lower left corner of your screen.

2. Highlight Programs. The Program menu will appear.

3. Move to the Program menu and highlight the program you want to start. If you see a right pointer next to your selection, a submenu will appear. Refine your choice by highlighting the appropriate selection on the submenu. Continue until you get to the final menu.

4. Click on the program name to start the program.

To add an item on the desktop to the Start or to a Program menu:

1. Left-click on the item, and drag the item on top of the Start button.

2. Release the left mouse button when the Start menu appears.

3. The item will appear on the Start menu.

4. If you would prefer to have the item on a Program or submenu of the Start menu, drag the item from the Start menu to the Program or submenu.

To add an item located in Windows Explorer to the Start or to a Program menu:

1. Click on the Start button. The Start menu will appear.

2. Click on Settings. A submenu will appear.

3. Click on Taskbar & Start Menu. A dialog box will appear.

4. Click on the Start Menu Programs tab.

5. Click on the Add button.

6. Type the path to the item you want to add, or use Browse to navigate to the item.

7. Click on Next.

8. Double-click on the appropriate folder.

9. Click on Finish.

10. Click on OK.

To remove an item from the Start or from a Program menu:

1. Click on the Start button. The Start menu will appear.

2. Click on Settings. A submenu will appear.

3. Click on Taskbar & Start Menu. A dialog box will appear.

4. Click on the Start Menu Programs tab.

5. Click on the Remove button.

6. Find and click on the item you want to remove.

7. Click on the Remove button.

8. Click on Close.

9. Click on OK.

To copy an item located on the Start or on a Program menu:

1. Highlight the item.

2. Right-click.

3. Left-click on Copy.

To rename an item on the Start or on a Program menu:

1. Highlight the item.

2. Right-click on the item.

3. Click on Rename. The Rename dialog box appears.

4. Type the new name in the field New Name

To delete a file from the Start or from a Program menu:

1. Highlight the item.

2. Right-click.

3. Left-click on Delete.

To resort the Program menu:

1. Go to the menu.

2. Right-click.

3. Click on Sort By Name.

Note: Not all menus can be re-sorted.

Favorites option

You can use the Favorites option on the Start menu to quickly move to files, programs, or Web sites. When you bookmark a Web page in Internet Explorer, the bookmark is listed on the Favorites menu. To add a file or program to the Favorites menu, create a shortcut and then move the shortcut to the Favorites menu.

To quickly find a file or folder:

1. Click on the Start button.

2. Highlight Find.

3. Highlight Files or Folders.

4. Press Enter. The dialog box shown here will appear. You do not need to complete every field. Only enter the criteria you want to use for your search.

As you work, Windows 98 tracks the last 15 files you used. It lists these files on the most recently used document list. To view the most recently used document list:

1. Click on Start.

2. Highlight Documents. The most recently used documents will display.

To open a file listed on the most recently used document list, click on the file name.

To clear the most recently used document list:

1. Click on the Start button. The Start menu will appear.

2. Highlight Settings.

3. Click on Taskbar & Start menu. A dialog box will appear.

4. Click on the Start Menu Program tab.

5. Click on Clear.

Drives are used to store data. Almost all computers come with at least two drives: a hard drive (which is used to store large volumes of data) and a floppy drive (which stores smaller volumes of data that can be easily transported from one computer to another). The hard drive is typically designated the C:\ drive and the floppy drive is typically designated the A:\ drive. If you have an additional floppy drive, it is typically designated the B:\ drive. If your hard drive is partitioned or if you have additional drives, the letters D:\, E:\, F:\, and so on are assigned.

File is a collection of information, related by category with a unique file name. A filename can be from one to 255 characters in length and can have an extension on up to three characters separated from the file name by a period (.).

Folders are used to organize the data stored on your drives. The files that make up a program are stored together in their own set of folders. You will want to organize the files you create in folders. You will want to store files of a like kind in a single folder. Directory (folder) - a table of contents for a disk. The directory contains the names of your files, the sizes of the files, and the dates they were created or last modified.

To open Windows Explorer, locate Windows Explorer on your Start menu and then click on it. Alternatively, hold down the Windows key and type e (Windows-e).

Windows 98 organizes folders and files in a hierarchical system. The drive is the highest level of the hierarchy. You can put all of your files on the drive without creating any folders. But, that is like putting all of your papers in a file cabinet without organizing them into folders. It works fine if you have only a few files, but as the number of files increases, there comes a point at which things become very difficult to find. So you create folders and put related material together in folders.

A diagram of a typical drive and how it is organized is shown here.

At the highest level, you have some folders and perhaps some files. You can open any of the folders and put additional files and folders into them. A hierarchy develops.

Windows Explorer window

When you open Windows Explorer, the screen shown here will appear.

Windows 98 separates the window into two panes. If you click on an object in the left pane, the contents of the object displays in the right pane. Click on Desktop and the contents of the Desktop folder display on the right. Click on My Computer and your computer resources display on the right. To see the contents of a drive, click on the drive. To see the contents of a folder, click on the icon for the folder in the left pane.

To create a new folder:

1. In the left pane, click on the drive or folder in which you want to create the new folder.

2. Click on any free area in the right pane. A context menu will appear.

3. Highlight New.

4. Click on Folder.

5. Type in a name for the folder.

Views control how Windows Explorer displays information in the right pane. Windows Explorer provides you with the following choices: Large Icons, Small Icons, List, and Details. Large Icons and Small Icons, as their names imply, determine the size of the icon. List displays all of the files and folders without supplying the size, type, or date modified. Details displays the size, type, and date modified. To change the view:

1. Right-click on any free area in the right pane. A context menu will appear.

2. Highlight View.

3. Select the view you want from the drop-down menu.

To delete a file or folder:

1. Right-click on the file or folder you want to delete. A context menu will appear.

2. Click on Delete. Window Explorer will ask, «Are sure you want to send this object to the recycle bin?»

3. Click on «Yes.»

To copy a file or folder:

1. Right-click on the file or folder you want to copy. A context menu will appear.

2. Click on Copy. The file or folder should now be on the Clipboard.

To cut a file or folder:

1. Right-click on the file or folder you want to cut. A context menu will appear.

2. Click on Cut. The file or folder should now be on the Clipboard.

Note: Cutting differs from deleting. When you cut a file, the file is placed on the Clipboard. When you delete a file, the file is sent to the Recycle Bin.

To paste a file or folder:

1. After cutting or copying the file, right-click on the object or in the right pane of the folder to which you want to paste. A context menu will appear.

2. Click on Paste.

To rename a file or folder:

1. Right-click on the file or folder. A context menu will appear.

2. Highlight Rename.

3. Type the new name.

Computer monitors display images by firing electron beams at a phosphor-coated screen. If the same image stays on the screen for too long, there is a danger that the image will leave a permanent imprint on the screen. Screen savers help prevent this possibility by providing a constantly changing image.

To select a screen saver:

1. Right-click anywhere on the Windows desktop. A menu will appear.

2. Select Active Desktop.

3. Click on Customize My Desktop.

4. Click on the Screen Saver tab.

5. The Screen Saver field provides the list of available screen savers. Select the screen saver you want from the list.

6. Click on Settings to set the display options associated with the screen saver.

7. Checkmark Password Protected to set a password for your screen saver. Password protection prevents the screen saver from being turned off unless a password is entered.

8. Click on Change to set the password.

9. Set the number of minutes of activity before the screen saver starts in the wait field.

10. Click on OK.

A window is an area on your desktop within which all Windows-based programs run.

Parts of a window

I will use WordPad as an example.

desktop windows clipboard computer

If you have several windows open at the same time, the window on top is the window with focus. You can only interact with the window with focus. To change windows, do one of the following:

1. Click anywhere on the window you want to have focus.

2. Hold down the Alt key and press the Tab key (Alt-Tab) until you have selected the window to which you want to change.

3. All active files display on the taskbar. Click on the taskbar button for the window you want to have focus.

To move a window around on your desktop, left-click on the window's title bar and drag the window.

Cascading your windows is a way of organizing your windows on your desktop. Cascading Windows fan out across your desktop with the title bar of each window showing.

To cascade your windows:

1. Right-click on the taskbar. A menu will appear.

2. Click on Cascade Windows.

Tiling you windows is a way of organizing your windows on screen. When you tile your windows, Windows 98 places each Window on the desktop in such a way that no window overlaps any other window. You can tile your windows horizontally or vertically.

To tile your windows:

1. Right-click on the taskbar. A menu will appear.

2. Click on Tile Windows Horizontally or Tile Windows Vertically, whichever you prefer.

In many programs, if the contents of the work area do not fit in the window, scrollbars will appear. A vertical scrollbar will appear at the right side of the window and a horizontal scrollbar at the bottom of the window, depending on the fit. The vertical scrollbar provides a way to move up and down. The horizontal scrollbar provides a way to move from left to right.

The scroll box indicates where you are in your document. If the scroll box is at the top of the scrollbar, you are at the top of the document. If the scroll box is in the center of the scrollbar, you are in the center of the document.

To move up and down one line at a time:

· Click on the arrow at either end of the vertical scrollbar.

To move from side to side one character at a time:

· Click on the arrow at either end of the horizontal scrollbar.

To move approximately one window at a time:

· Click above the scroll box to move up.

· Click below the scroll box to move down.

To scroll continuously:

· Click on the appropriate arrow and hold down the mouse button.

To move to a specific location:

· Left-click on the scrollbar and hold down the left mouse button until you arrive at the location. For example, if you want to go to the center of the document, click on the center of the scrollbar and hold down the left mouse button.

· Or, drag the scroll box until you arrive at the desired location.

An icon is a graphic image. Icons help you execute commands quickly. Commands tell the computer what you want the computer to do. To execute a command by using an icon, click on the icon.

Menus provide a way for you to send commands to the computer (tell the computer what you want the computer to do). When you open a window, menu options are listed from left to right just below the title bar on the menu bar. When you click on a menu item, a drop-down menu appears. Select the command you want to execute from the drop-down menu. An ellipse after a drop-down menu item signifies that there are additional options; if you select that option, a dialog box will appear.

You can use shortcut keys to execute a command quickly by pressing key combinations instead of selecting the commands directly from the menu or clicking on an icon. When you look at a menu, you will notice that most of the options have one letter underlined. You can select a menu option by holding down the Alt key and pressing the underlined letter. You can also make Alt-key selections from drop-down menus and dialog boxes.

In this tutorial and on this Web site, we use the following notation: a key name followed by a dash and a letter means to hold down the key while pressing the letter. For example, «Alt-f» means to hold down the Alt key while pressing «f» (this will open the File menu in many programs). As another example, holding down the Ctrl key while pressing «b» (Ctrl-b) will bold selected text in many programs. In some programs, you can assign you own shortcut keys.

A selection is a highlighted area on which you can perform a command. For example, if you are using a word processing program, you can highlight a word and then execute the Underline command to underline the highlighted word.

To make a selection:

1. Left-click where you want to start your selection.

2. Hold down your left mouse button and drag the mouse until you have highlighted the area you want. Or

1. Left-click where you want to start your selection.

2. Hold down the Shift key while you use the arrow keys to highlight the area that you want.

Note: Typing over highlighted text replaces the old text with the new text you type.

Cut, copy, and paste.

The Cut, Copy, and Paste commands are nearly universal. These three functions are used by almost every Windows program and perform more or less the same function in each of them. You can cut, copy, and paste programs, disks, and text, to name a just a few things.

Cut: When you cut something, it is deleted from its current location and saved to the Clipboard. Information saved to the Clipboard stays there until new information is either cut or copied. Each time you execute Cut or Copy, you replace the old information on the Clipboard with whatever you just cut or copied. You can paste the same Clipboard information as often as you like.

Copy: Copy is similar to Cut except the original item is not deleted. When you copy something, a copy of the item is saved to the Clipboard. Information stored on the Clipboard stays there until new information is either cut or copied. Each time you execute Cut or Copy, you replace the old information on the Clipboard with whatever you just cut or copied. You can paste Clipboard information as often as you like, until you replace it with something else.

Paste: - You can place information on the Clipboard wherever you like. Execute the Paste command and information you have cut or copied is placed wherever your cursor is located.

Clipboard: - The Clipboard is the storage area for items the have been cut or copied. Each time you execute Cut or Copy, you replace the old information on the Clipboard with whatever you just cut or copied. You can paste Clipboard information as often as you like, until you replace it with something else.

There are three major methods of cutting, copying, and pasting. The three methods are using the menu, using keyboard shortcuts, and using icons. We will review all of them. In most programs, they will work exactly as described here.

Using the Menu:

Cut

1. Select what you want to cut.

2. Click on Edit, which is located on the menu bar. A drop-down menu will appear.

3. Highlight Cut.

4. Press Enter.

Paste

1. Place the cursor at the point where you want to place the information that is currently on the Clipboard.

2. Click on Edit. A drop-down menu will appear.

3. Highlight Paste.

4. Press Enter.

Copy

1. Select what you want to copy.

2. Click on Edit, which is located on the menu bar. A drop-down menu will appear.

3. Highlight Copy.

4. Press Enter.

Using Keyboard Shortcuts:

Cut

1. Select what you want to cut.

2. Press Ctrl-x.

Paste

1. Place the cursor at the point where you want to place the information that is currently on the Clipboard.

2. Press Ctrl-v.

Copy

1. Select what you want to copy.

2. Press Ctrl-c.

Using Icons:

Cut

1. Select what you want to cut.

2. Click on the Cut icon.

Paste

1. Place the cursor at the point where you want to place the information that is currently on the Clipboard.

2. Click on the Paste icon.

Copy

1. Select what you want to copy.

2. Click on the Copy icon.

To view the contents of the Clipboard:

1. Click on the Start button.

2. Click on Programs.

3. Click on Accessories.

4. Click on System Tools.

5. Click on Clipboard Viewer.

There are some universals that apply to almost all programs:

I list a few of them here. I use the following convention to indicate a menu path: View > Toolbars. When you see View > Toolbars, it means select View from the menu bar and select Toolbars from the drop-down menu. The following list applies to many, but not all programs. Your program's documentation is the authoritative source.

To save a file:

1. Click on File, which is located on the menu bar. A drop-down menu will appear.

2. Click on Save. A dialog box similar to the one shown here will appear.

Whenever you see an ellipse (…) after a menu option, selecting that option causes a dialog box to appear. You use dialog boxes to send commands to the software. Most dialog boxes provide an OK button and a Cancel button. Press the OK button if you are satisfied with your entries and you want to send the commands to the program. Press the Cancel button if you have changed your mind and do not want to send the commands to the computer.

Some programs provide dialog boxes with several pages of options. You move to a page by clicking on the tab or by using Ctrl-Tab (hold down the Ctrl key while pressing the Tab key to flip through the pages.

You type entries into fields (also referred to as text boxes). For example, in the Save As dialog box, you type the name you want the file to have in the File Name field.

List boxes enable you to make a choice from a list of options. To make your selection, simply click on the option you want. In some list boxes, you can choose more than one item. To choose more than one item, hold down the Ctrl key while you make your selections. If there are more options than can be displayed in the box, a scroll bar appears on the list box. Use the scroll bar to view the additional choices.

Fields with a drop-down menu have a small downward pointing arrow next to them. You click on the arrow and a list of options appears. You select the option you want from the list. You can also open the drop-down menu by holding down the Alt key and pressing the down arrow.

You can use the arrow keys to move up and down in a drop-down menu. You can also move to an item by typing the first few letters of the option.

Windows 98 and programs that run under Windows 98 use radio buttons to present a list of mutually exclusive options. You can select only one of the options presented. Radio buttons are usually round. A dot in the middle indicates that the option is selected.

Check boxes are another method used to select options. You click on the check box to select the item. An X or a checkmark appears in a selected box. You toggle check boxes on and off by clicking in the box.

You use a slider to increase or decrease a value. You increase a value by moving the slider from left to right; you decrease a value by moving the slider from right to left.

A spinner is a set of arrows located on the side of a text box. You use the up arrow to increment a value and the down arrow to decrement a value. You can also type the value you want directly into the text box.

Yes. The Windows Color box provides 48 basic colors. You select a color by clicking on the square of the color. You can save 16 custom colors. To select a custom color, expand the window by clicking on the Define Custom Color button. A color matrix box and a luminosity slider will appear. Move the pointer in the color matrix box horizontally to adjust the hue. Move the pointer vertically to adjust the saturation. Use the luminosity slider to adjust the luminosity. The Hue, Saturation, Luminosity (HSL) values and Red, Green, Blue (RGB) values display at the bottom of the window. After you have selected a color, you can add the color to a Custom Color square by clicking on the Add to Custom Colors button.

The Color Solid box may display two colors. The left side of the box displays the dithered color and the right side of the box displays a closely related non-dithered color. There are 256 non-dithering colors. Non-dithering colors should display the same on all computer monitors; consequently, Web developers prefer them.

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