Modern English and Ukrainian newspaper languages

Peculiarities of lexical shortenings in the English language. Analysis of abbreviated formations in the Ukrainian media texts. Lexical shortenings and their functions. Comparative lexico-semantic analysis of English and Ukrainian reduction in the press.

Рубрика Журналистика, издательское дело и СМИ
Вид курсовая работа
Язык английский
Дата добавления 05.06.2015
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O. A. Stishov notes that in mass media language one could observe activization of the use of a specific kind of the names where affixes are easily combined with forming bases - abbreviations, in particular initial ones [4, page 27]. Such usage of graphic and semantic means provides not only high expressional pungency, transfer of sharpness, joke, irony, but also promotes storing and distribution of abbreviations in daily speech, for example: Нову мову РЕПетирували у Відні [36]; НАТОвп навколо трибун [36]; Передостання виСОТа [42]

In the mass media language of the last years there appeared new lexical shortenings formed by means of full or partial imposing of word-formation. A.M. Nelyuba designates this spontaneous , unconscious , uncontrollable process of two linguistic units fusion in a newly-created one as kontaminuvaniye (contamination or blending) [12, р.220 ]. OA Styshov uses the term telescopy to describe the same language process and believes that this method of creating new words occupy an intermediate position between compounding and abbreviations [4, p.164]. As linguists rightly observe, this method of word formation in modern Ukrainian linguistic is unproductive. However the method of blending seems to have been revitalized in the language of Ukrainian journalism for the last few years, for example:

Єдиному простору Талліна й Гельсінкі дали умовну назву - Тальсінкі [39].

Today the growth of a role of the electronic mass media in comparison with the printed one in the development and formation of a language is observed. There is a number of specific features which are peculiar to the electronic media, namely, the inability to stop the flow of information when there is a need to comprehend obscure notions, ask again the incomprehensible, receive selectively only desirable information from a ream of data etc. But the level of language norms implementation of the electronic mass media is much more higher than the influence of the printed press because of the powerful impact on listeners and viewers the electronic media makes.

Moreover, reading a text it is sometimes difficult to understand how to pronounce an acronym or an abbreviation correctly. It is the electronic mass media due to which a consumer gets acquainted not only with the word, concept, but with its sounding and pronunciation manner as well. Thus, the electronic media influences the formation of the consumers' linguistic culture and cultivates their aesthetic tastes. In this regard, the demands for highly quality journalism should be increased.

Dynamic tendencies in development of mass media language lies in the interfusion of oral and written forms of the literary language. It is observed in the speech of broadcasters, anchormen, TV presenters and also in the language of advertising. Specific character of the advertising language involves the use of those language means which could make a massive impact on the consciousness of readers or listeners. Authors choose a good number of ways to make advertising convincing, to make it brighter, to create the kind of ad which will be etched in one's memory. Language of advertising requires from authors creative use of all kinds of linguistic means among which the most common are curtailed words. To provide you with a few examples:

Магазин «АлМакс» пропонує якісну електротехніку (a shop advertisement); Освітатехпостач (a shop name); Мед-сервіс ( a pharmacy name); БудМакс (a shop name); Туроператор «Призма Плюс» запрошує відвідати античну Грецію [43]; Фірма «InkTec» пропонує великий вибір різноманітної продукції [37]; Шинка від фірми «Європродукт» [37]; Мобіманія. Мережа салонів мобільного зв'язку (a shop advertisement).

Thus, the language of mass media reflects the lexicon development processes. Due to the emergence of new matters and concepts, with the change of language tastes and preferences, with the extension of human knowledge the media language dramatically illustrates the emergence of new words, among which lexical shortenings also occur. As use of shortened words is closely connected with information facilities of modern mass media, language of the last one should be considered as a reliable and perspective source of the replenishment of common language with abbreviated new growths.

2.3 Comparative lexico-semantic analysis of English and Ukrainian shortenings functioning in the press

The study of shortenings based on the contemporary newspapers and magazines materials has revealed an extensive in terms of semantics class units and track their multidimensional connections. A wide range of fixed curtailed words has set the task to systematize them. As a result of the analysis it was found that the shortenings extracted from the pages of contemporary English and Ukrainian publications were motivated by different parts of speech. For example, a noun: prop - property ; an adjective: despo - desperate, a verb: to amp - amplify etc.. However, the most extended type of units was the class of shortened nouns, and, therefore, their studying is of special value.

A large number of cases was studied when shortenings with a concept of objectivity were used. As units existing on a lexical level, they may represent a single hierarchical system, the main feature of which is the semantic relatedness of its component parts.

Within the scope of this work the stratification of shortenings is made by combining them in a lexico-semantic groups (LSG). Following I.V Sentenberg lexical-semantic group is understood as "a complete, open, productive set of words united around a common dominant by its lexical meaning" [13, p. 61].

The following criteria will serve as a basis for reference of concrete unit to a particular Lexico-semantic group (LSG):

1. the presence of categorial meaning of concreteness in the semantics of a shortening;

2. the presence of lexical environment, which allows to determine accurately the value of the curtailed unit, which seems significant in terms of widespread homonymy;

3. the presence in the semantic structure of feature that allows to compare this unit through its resemblance to similar units considered conceptual sphere.

All the analyzed curtailed words are combined into smaller categories - lexico-semantic microgroups to reflect the particular content of a shortening within a LSG.

It should be emphasized that the hierarchical position of the studied units extracted from newspapers and magazines texts and their distribution into micro-groups is defined by frequency of use of its components in the press.

The contemporary periodicals shortenings represent very diverse aspects of reality and relate to the various categories of different content. Despite significant semantic heterogeneity it was possible to divide the recorded curtailed words into 4 Lexico-semantic groups: 1 ) LSG of shortenings with the meaning of "designation of the person"; 2) LSG of shortenings the meaning of "the name of a particular physical object"; 3) LSG of shortened units with the meaning of "an abstract concept" and 4) LSG of shortenings with the meaning of collectivity.

The LSG-1 of shortenings with the meaning of "designation of the person" is the most frequent on the pages of modern English and Ukrainian language editions. Connection could be established between some of the units within a given group so that they can be divided into 9 relatively stable microgroups:

1) Proper names:

ENG. Arnie - Arnold Schwarzenegger, Orli - Orlando Bloom Brit - Britney Spears, Sarco - Nicholas Sarcozy etc.

Orli (Orlando Bloom) won his big break when he was cast as Legolas Greenfield Lord of the Rings [26].

UA. БАБ - Борис Абрамович Березовський, ЛМ - Леонід Макарович, ВВП - Володимир Володимирович Путін etc.

Російські політтехнологи радять своєму президенту розбавляти офіціоз гумором і сатирою, тож ВВП (Володимир Володимирович Путін) і пожартував [36].

2) Names of persons according to their career or the office they hold:

ENG. aristo - aristocrat, con - convict, non-dom - non-domicile, tec - detective, pil - pilot, FE - flight engineer etc.

UA. нардеп - народний депутат, держохоронець - державний охоронець, наркоборець - борець із наркоторгівлею, есмінець - ескадровий міноносець, військком - військовий комісар, генсек - генеральний секретар, завгосп - завідуючий господарством etc.

Прімусити такого самозакохано-пихатого нардепа, як Терьохін... - це, знаєте, далеко не кожному дано [39]

3) Names of persons based on kinship:

ENG. bro - brother, hub/hubby - husband, rents - parents

The Country's top Supreme Court lawyer lias filed papers supporting Anna Nicole's claim for a slice of ex-hubby J. Howard Marshall's cash... It really gave her a taste for grave-dodgers, 'cause her real-life hubby was old enough to be her pappy! [31]

UA. Батя - батько, хреcна/хрещена - хрещена матір, бро - брат etc.

"Батя ніколи не зрадить своїх дітей" - мер Єнакієвого на всі сто підтримує Януковича. [45]

4) Names of persons according to the tendency to a certain type of behavior:

ENG. hoodie - hoodlum, klepto - kleptomaniac , psycho - psychopath etc.

Whether or not David Cameron ever spoke his infamous "hug a hoodie" words, let alone made good on his views, it's true that the hoodie was a political symbol long before it became a policy initiative. [44]

UA. забувака - забудькувата людина

5) Names of persons according to sex or age:

ENG. fella - fellow, gent - gentleman, teen - teenager

True gent, legend, genius... Football mourns death of former Preston and England winger. [46]

UA. дівка - дівчина, малий- маленький хлопець

6) Names of persons according to their belonging to a particular ethnic, racial, national or territorial group:

ENG. Aussie - Australian, Dom - Dominican, Paki - Pakistani etc.

Wawrinka beats injured Nadal for first major at Aussie Open [47]

UA. москаль/москалька - москвич/москвичка (offensively), хохол/хохлушка - українець/українка (offensively)

7) Names of persons according to their relativity:

ENG. boyf - boyfriend, bud - buddy, part - partner etc.

8) Names of persons according to evaluative quality:

ENG. mutt - muttonhead, simp - simpleton, wiz - wizard

According to him, he is a positive wizard sent by God imbued with supernatural powers and he is on an assignment to deliver Ghana and Africa from the bondage of poverty, ignorance, slow pace of progress, squalor and deprivation through the application of science and technology. [47]

UA. краля - красуня/гарна дівчина, вікі - ходяча вікіпедія (about a witty person) etc.

9) the names of persons according to the Zodiac sign:

ENG. Capri - Capricorn, Gem - Gemin, Saggy - Sagittarius etc.

Your options are improving all the time and it seems that Saggvs who plan in advance will have a big advantage [26]

As could be observed a certain social, economic, biological or domestic status of the person is reflected in semantics of the shortened lexical units united by the general dominant "the name of the person".

The LSG-2 of shortenings with the meaning of "the name of a particular physical object" is the second group by its productivity in the print media texts. On the basis of the actual material analysis the shortenings were classified into 7 lexico-semantic microgroups:

1) Names of a relatively small specific item:

ENG. cam - camera, cig / rette - cigarette, specs - spectacles phone - mobile telephone, cami - camisole, mocs - moccasins, trackie < tracksuit etc.

Love your mobv? You have conte to the right place! [26]

Metcalfe and others said "Rock Your Mocs" campaign is a chance to educate more people about indigenous cultures [48].

UA. клава - клавіатура, кроси - кросівки, комп - комп'ютер, степ - степ-платформа, фотік - фотоапарат, планш - планшетка, мобілка - мобільний телефон etc.

2) Names of space or accommodation

ENG. dorm - dormitory, comp - compartment, pent - penthouse, cube - cube farm, cafe - cafeteria etc.

Two math majors at Reed College lost control of a massive snowball that rolled into a dorm, knocking in part of a bedroom wall [47].

UA. рестік - ресторан (colloqial), магаз - магазин (colloquial), тренажерка - тренажерний зал etc.

Як правильно харчуватися коли відвідуєшь тренажерку [43].

3) Names of "substance" (some food products, medicines and drugs, chemicals, etc.):

ENG. Choccie - chocolate, coke - cocaine, roid - steroid, mac - macaroni; yog -yogurt etc.

Kraft Foods received a visit from a food blogger Monday afternoon, and it's no April Fool's joke: She wants the Northfield-based food giant to remove artificial dye from its signature bright orange Mac & Cheese product in the United States [49].

UA. Анаболіки - анаболічні препарати, молочка - молочні продукти, гаряче- гарячі страви,

4) Toponyms :

ENG. Ala (Bama) - Alabama, Can - Canada, Mex - Mexico City, Pennsy - Pennsylvania, Philly - Philadelphia, L.A.- Los Angeles, NYC- New York City, Rio - Rio de Janeiro etc.

The Sochi Olympics have only just ended but NBC Universal is already gearing up to sell ads in its coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio [50].

UA. Пітер - Санкт-Петербург, Сімф - Сімферополь, Севас - Севастополь, Черрі - Чернігів, Андріївка - Андріївський узвіз, Борщагівка - вулиця Борщагівська (м. Київ) etc.

“Буквально в суботу прибуде з Пітера перший десяток добровольців, які готові воювати на боці українців проти режиму Путіна”, - цитує Мосійчука інформагентство Інтерфакс-Україна. [51]

5) Names of animals:

ENG. chimp - chimpanzee, croc - crocodile, kanga(roo) - kangaroo etc.

UA. ВРХ - велика рогата худоба, гіпопотам - гіпо etc.

Бенгальська ТігрЮЛЯ, яку наприкінці серпня прем`єру України Юлії Тимошенко подарували організатори фестивалю Чорноморські ігри, підростає в зоопарку Казка в Ялті [52].

6) Names of plants:

ENG. cauli - cauliflower, dilly - daffodil, glad - gladiolus etc.

Delano couple is `glad' to grow, show, and share gladiolus flowers [32, p. 112]

UA. Буга - Бугенвіллія кімнатна

Within the LSG of shortenings with the meaning of "the name of a particular physical object" there is a considerable overweight of the number of curtailed words belonging to the " Names of a relatively small specific item " microgroup.

The LSG 3 includes "names of abstract concepts" value. It is necessary to recognize that the words which have entered this category characterized by extreme generality of semantic structure which greatly complicates the process of classification. According to the observations which have been made, the following lexico-semantic microgroups of shortenings are represented more frequently on pages of the printed media:

1) Names of events:

ENG. confab - confabulation, exp - exposition, prom - promenade etc.

Dubai has been chosen to host the World Expo trade convention in 2020 - beating off rival bids from Brazil, Turkey and Russia. [53]

UA. конфа- конференція, треша - тренування

2) Names of "fields of activity" or "fields of knowledge":

ENG. ag - agriculture, biz - business, chem - chemistry, PE- Physical Education, math - mathematics

Genetically modified food is safe to eat, says China's ag minister [54].

UA. Фіз-ра - Заняття з фізичної культури, Наргосп - народне господарство, агробіз - агробізнес, біоземлеробство - біологічне землеробство, екотуризм - екологічний туризм etc.

Два дні поспіль у Херсоні на ІІ Міжнародному туристичному форумі обговорювали перспективи розвитку екотуризму в країнах Чорноморського басейну. [55]

These are the most striking features of the lexical-semantic content of shortenings used in modern English and Ukrainian newspaper discourse.

CONCLUSIONS

The newspaper language has a speci?c vocabulary which is marked by its complexity and particularity. It re?ects the culture of the newspaper discourse in general. Shortenings are practically used almost in all domains of human activity that is why such lexical units serve as large ground for research.

In this term paper it was tried to examine the phenomenon of shortening the English and Ukrainian languages, its main peculiarities, functions and we also partially observed formation of shortened words. These are the main issues investigated in the first chapter.

Language is developing very fast and it is reflected on our everyday life as well as the materials we read. For the most part newspaper texts are aimed at fast provision of information so that their main criterion is to give maximum information with the minimum use of language means. Consequently, shortenings were created to generalize and concentrate the main content of a lexical unit. The usage of shortenings and abbreviations in newspaper discourse realize the fundamental principle of rational utilization of language means.

In the first chapter we have examined classification of shortenings and the place they take in the system of both the English and Ukrainian languages. To sum it up, we can say that shortenings make up a huge part of vocabulary and are used almost in any sphere.

In the second chapter we have observed main features of shortenings used in English and Ukrainian printed media. Within the scope of this work the stratification of shortenings was made by combining them in a lexico-semantic groups.

The LSG-1 of shortenings with the meaning of "designation of the person" is the most frequent on the pages of modern English and Ukrainian printed media texts.

Прімусити такого самозакохано-пихатого нардепа, як Терьохін... - це, знаєте, далеко не кожному дано [39].

Female MPs in Kenya have stormed out of a late-night parliamentary session in a row over the legalisation of polygamy [54].

As could be observed a certain social, economic, biological or domestic status of the person is reflected in semantics of the shortened words united by the general dominant "the name of the person".

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25. Oxford English dictionary. - Режим доступу: http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/

LIST OF DATA SOURCES

26. Bliss, August 2002. - Режим доступу: http://www.blissonline.se/

27. Forbes, January 2004. - Режим доступу: http://www.forbes.com/

28. BusinessWeek, January 2004. - Режим доступу: http://www.businessweek.com/

29. People, June 2006. - Режим доступу: http://www.people.com/people/

30. BusinessWeek, August 2004. - Режим доступу: http://www.businessweek.com/

31. The National Enquirer, January 2006. - Режим доступу: www.nationalenquirer.com/

32. Glamour, August 2006. - Режим доступу: http://www.glamour.com/

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37. Сільські Вісті, Жовтень 2010 - Режим доступу: http://www.silskivisti.kiev.ua/

38. Газета по-українськи, Лютий 2010. - Режим доступу: http://gazeta.ua/

39. Політика і культура, Квітень 2011. - Режим доступу: http://www.pic.com.ua/

40. Урядовий кур'єр, Вересень 2012. - Режим доступу: http://www.ukurier.gov.ua/uk/

41. Сучасна освіта, журнал, Жовтень 2012. - Режим доступу: http://gazzzeta.com/

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43. УНІАН, Червень 2012. - Режим доступу: http://www.unian.net/

44. 44. The Guardian, August 2011. - Режим доступу: http://www.theguardian.com/uk

45. Українська Правда, Березень 2014. - Режим доступу: http://www.pravda.com.ua/

46. The Daily Telegraph, Febrary 2013. - Режим доступу: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/

47. USA Today, August 2013. - Режим доступу: http://www.usatoday.com/sports/

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ANNEX A

1. The Sochi Olympics have only just ended but NBC Universal is already gearing up to sell ads in its coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio.

2. Robin Gandhi, assistant professor of information assurance at UNO, said he fears the scope of the government programs.

3. The 27 -year-old math teacher had hit the 20 -mile mark when his knees started buckling.

4. In Japan, Sharp's two 3-D screen phones have already sold more than 1.5 million units.

5. The Country's top Supreme Court lawyer lias filed papers supporting Anna Nicole's claim for a slice of ex-hubby J. Howard Marshall's cash.

6. Chrysler is directing ads for the new models squarely at middle-age, male car-poolers.

7. Whether or not David Cameron ever spoke his infamous "hug a hoodie" words, let alone made good on his views, it's true that the hoodie was a political symbol long before it became a policy initiative.

8. Wawrinka beats injured Nadal for first major at Aussie Open.

9. Your options are improving all the time and it seems that Saggvs who plan in advance will have a big advantage.

10. Metcalfe and others said "Rock Your Mocs" campaign is a chance to educate more people about indigenous cultures.

11. Keep your holiday hair looking fab morning, noon and night.

12. Excess energy could be turned into something positive and used to mend parent prob.

13. To celebrate summer we've picked out the finest boys with the most gorge jaw-to-the-floor bods.

14. Prior credit may be used towards waving some of the requirements for the MS and PhD in BMI degrees at the recommendation of the Supervisory Committee.

15. These celebs all started in showbiz, as hol camp entertainers.

16. The funniest pics will make it into the pages of your fave mag.

17. The 27 -year-old math teacher had hit the 20 -mile mark when his knees started buckling.

18. In Japan, Sharp's two 3-D screen phones have already sold more than 1.5 million units.

19. Chrysler is directing ads for the new models squarely at middle-age, male car-poolers

20. By the end it 's hard not to hope that she (Bridget Harrison) gets everything she wants: literary stardom. the gorgeous apartment, the equally gorgeous boyfriend - and more.

21. Summer is jam packed with opportunities to bag a gorge lad.

22. She could not face returning home to Pennsy because she was pregnant

23. Female MPs in Kenya have stormed out of a late-night parliamentary session in a row over the legalisation of polygamy.

24. Years into their transition to newer LTE mobile phone networks, carriers' progress in serving their customers more of the time is offset by lower data rates for many.

25. Study participants who will sleep in these tiny chambers were chosen in a process similar to the one NASA uses to selects its astronauts.

ANNEX B

1. У міжнародному аеропорту "Харків" гімн ЄС на знак єдності України та в пам'ять про загиблих під час мітингів 18-20 лютого в Києві виконав симфонічний оркестр.

2. Вони потрапляють в організм при контакті з предметами, що ними користувався вірусоносій.

3. За словами Маккристала, США і сили НАТО виконали заледве половину завдань, які вони ставили перед собою в Афганістані.

4. Рослини можуть добре розвиватися на слабокислому або навіть кислому грунті, якщо він досить добре забезпечений поживними речовинами

5. У Волинському обласному центрі зайнятості віднедавна надаються нові послуги: фоторезюме безробітних та відеовакансії роботодавців

6. Власкор ''УМ'' став чемпіоном України із зимової риболовлі.

7. Деякі з них можна знайти лише у віп-номерах.

8. Причиною вилучення карти банкоматом може бути кілька раз невірно введений PIN-код.

9. Зустріч організував нардеп від НУ-НС.

10. Сьогодні нагляд тут здійснюють Червоноградська та Нововолинська ДГТІ (державні гірничо-технічні інспекції) у вугільній промисловості.

11. Львівські пластуни записуватимуть аудіокнижки … на студії звукозапису ''УТОС'', залучаючи власні ресурси.

12. З'являються голоси, що "Барсі" потрібно вийти на ринок, аби купити "аварійного" воротаря.

13. VIP-кати… Хто страчував?

14. Українські вчені-радіофізики Харкова створили ГУРТ - гігантський український радіотелескоп

15. Розпочалась передвиборча програма виборчого блоку УРА.

16. Триває виставка «Нова українська мова», координатором якої є молодіжнагрупа «Р.Е.П.»

17. Єдиному простору Талліна й Гельсінкі дали умовну назву - Тальсінкі

18. Російські політтехнологи радять своєму президенту розбавляти офіціоз гумором і сатирою, тож ВВП (Володимир Володимирович Путін) і пожартував

19. "Батя ніколи не зрадить своїх дітей" - мер Єнакієвого на всі сто підтримує Януковича.

20. “Буквально в суботу прибуде з Пітера перший десяток добровольців, які готові воювати на боці українців проти режиму Путіна”, - цитує Мосійчука інформагентство Інтерфакс-Україна.

21. Два дні поспіль у Херсоні на ІІ Міжнародному туристичному форумі обговорювали перспективи розвитку екотуризму в країнах Чорноморського басейну.

22. В одній із маршруток Львова держохоронець «на гарячому» затримав кишенькового злодія.

23. Група науковців країн-членів Європейського Союзу (Німеччина, Італія, Швеція, Угорщина) відвідає кілька країн Африки з метою просування у їх сільському господарстві ГМО-технологій, повідомляє британська газета The Guardian.

24. Згідно з даними ООН, лише за минулі п'ять років загинули понад 10 тисяч афганських цивільних.

25. МЗС звертає увагу на аналогічні проблеми, які має всередині Росія.

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