Countering covid-19 as a tool for hybrid influence of Russia and China on regional subsystems of international relations: european and asian dimensions

Both Russia and China use pandemic influence to lobby their own national interests - to reduce tensions or “distract” from conflict situations. In particular, the issue of energy transportation (development of “Nord Stream-2”) is acute for Russia in the relations with Europe. This issue becomes urgent in the context of the sanctions regime against Russia by European states and the EU as a result of Russia's aggression against Ukraine and the illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014. China also has contradictions with the Southeast Asian countries in the format of the South China Sea dispute.

In the second half of 2020, both Russia and China begin to use “vaccine diplomacy”, which is a tool for spreading their influence and affirming a positive image. Such interaction can be investigated as the spread of its influence on a bilateral and multilateral basis. It is necessary to say, Europe and Southeast Asia have reached a high level of regionalization. In Europe - the functioning of the European Union, and in Southeast Asia - the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. It should be noted that neither Russia nor China are member states of these integration groups. However, China has close cooperation with ASEAN in the ASEAN + 3 format. The Russian Federation cooperates to some extent with the EU, but the dynamics of such cooperation has slowed down due to Russia's aggression against Ukraine in 2014.

Prospects to make a deal and agreements on the sale of domestically produced vaccines in the respective regions can be seen as the use of “soft power” and the possibility of raising image by Russia and China.

Note that the use of hybrid influence (“hard power” and “soft power”) on neighboring regions by both Russia and China may be justified as a means of “deterring” US action in these regions, which are strategically important for Washington and in which the United States has allies, and, in turn, is an additional destabilizing factor in the regional system of international relations.



Список використаних джерел та літератури

Гончарук А. Соціалізм із китайською специфікою в боротьбі з коронавірусом. Україна- Китай. 2020. № 1(19). С. 8-13.

Matthews M., Migacheva K., Brown R. A. Superspreaders of Malign and Subversive Information on COVID-19: Russian and Chinese Efforts Targeting the United States. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2021. 68 p.

Bobo Lo Global Order in the Shadow of the Coronavirus: China, Russia, and the West. Sydney: Lowy Institute, 2020. 38 p.

Маслова Е. А. Итальянский коронакризис и его последствия: национальное,

общеевропейское и глобальное измерения. Международная аналитика. 2020. № 11(1). С. 58-70.

Гамза Л., Заклязьминская Е. Пандемия COVID-19 как фактор внешней и внутренней политики Китая. Пути к миру и безопасности. 2020. № 2(59). С. 63-80. URL: https://www.imemo.ru/files/File/magazines/puty_miru/2020/02/04_Gamza_Zaklyazminskaya.pdf

Ngeow Chow-Bing COVID-19, Belt and Road Initiative and the Health Silk Road: Implications for Southeast Asia. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Indonesia Office, 2020. 22 p.

Lye Liang Fook China's COVID-19 Assistance to Southeast Asia: Uninterrupted Aid amid Global Uncertainties. Perspective. 2020. No. 58. P. 1-12.

Bojang A. S. The Study of Foreign Policy in International Relations. Journal of Political Sciences & Public Affairs. 2018. Vol 6, No 4, P. 1-9.

Gvalia G., Siroky D., Lebanidze B., Iashvili Z. Thinking Outside the Bloc: Explaining the Foreign Policies of Small States. Security Studies. 2013. Vol. 22, P. 98-131.

Най Дж. «Мягкая сила» и американо-европейские отношения. Smart Power Journal. 2013. 7 апреля. URL: http://smartpowerjournal.ru/soft-power/

Капітоненко М. Г. «М'яка сила» у сучасній світовій політиці: теоретичні аспекти // Актуальні проблеми міжнародних відносин. 2010. Випуск 94 (Частина ІІ). C. 20-29.

Raimzhanova A. Power in International relations: hard, soft, and smart / Institute for cultural

diplomacy. URL: http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/content/pdf/participant-

papers/2015-12_annual/Power-In-Ir-By-Raimzhanova,-A.pdf

Куприн Д. С., Тулюлюк Е. А. Элементы мягкой и жесткой силы в формировании имиджа государства // Коммуникология: электронный научный журнал. 2017. № 1. С. 61-72. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/elementy-myagkoy-i-zhyostkoy-sily-v-sisteme-formirovaniya- imidzha-gosudarstva

Тихоненко І. В. Ісламська Республіка Пакистан у системі регіональної безпеки (19982016): дис. канд.політ.н.23.00.04. Миколаїв, 2017. 246 с.

Мансуров Т. З. Теоретико-методологические подходы к проблеме региональной идентичности в политической науке. Ученые записки Казанского университета. 2011. Т. 153, кн. 1. С. 181-190.

Сюн Гюанкай Всеобъемлющая концепция национальной безопасности Китая: шанхайский дух и пути его укрепления. Россия в глобальной политике. 2009. № 3. С. 92-98.

Конституционная поправка об обнулении сроков Путина расколола россиян. Ведомости.

2020. 2 марта. URL: https://www.vedomosti.ru/society/articles/2020/03/26/826370-

konstitutsionnaya-popravka

Указ о мерах по обеспечению санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия населения в связи с распространением коронавирусной инфекции. Президент Российской Федерации. 2020. 2 апреля. URL: http://kremlin.ru/acts/news/63134

Срочное обращение Путина к россиянам из-за ситуации с коронавирусом от 25.03.2020. Russia 24. Youtube. 2020. 25 марта. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkgP1gsQo_w

Makarychev A., Goes M., Kuznetsova A. The COVID Biopolitics in Russia: Putin's Sovereignty versus Regional Governmentality. Mezinarodm vztahy. 2020. Vol. 55, No 4, Р. 31-47.

Мокрецкий А. Китайская дипломатия в эпоху Си Цзиньпина. Международная жизнь. 2019. № 3. URL: https://interaffairs.ru/jauthor/material/2163

Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. The National People's

Congress of of the People's Republic of China. 2019. URL:

http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/constitution2019/201911/36a2566d029c4b39966bd942f82a43

shtml

Boisseau de Roche S. The Belt and Road: “China's community of destiny” for Southeast Asia. Asie. Vision. 2020 June. 113. 48 p.

Lancaster K., Rubin M., Rapp-Hooper M. Mapping China's Health Silk Road. Council on Foreign Relations. 2020. April 10. URL: https://www.cfr.org/blog/mapping-chinas-health-silk- road

Мосяков Д. В. ЮВА и американо-китайское соперничество. ЮВА: актуальные проблемы развития. 2007. № 10. С. 78-89.

Su S. Blas J. Flood of $25-a-Barrel Saudi Arabian Oil Is Headed for Europe. Bloomberg. 2020.

March 11. URL: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-11/a-tsunami-of-25-a-

barrel-saudi-arabian-oil-is-headed-for-europe

Smith G., Bla J. OPEC+ agrees on deep oil-output cuts to fight market slump. Bloomberg, 2020.

April 9. URL: https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/opec-agrees-on-deep-oil-output-cuts-to-fight-

market-slump-1.1419740

Климкин: Договоренность о сокращении добычи нефти - худшее поражение России за 20 лет. GORDON. 2020. URL: https://gordonua.com/news/politics/klimkin-dogovorennost-o- sokrashchenii-dobychi-nefti-hudshee-porazhenie-rossii-za-20-let-1495043.html

Россия отказалась признавать поражение в сделке ОПЕК+. LENTA.RU. 2020. 4 апреля. URL : https ://lenta.ru/news/2020/04/10/ustupki/

Денисенко К. Коронавирус: время смерти Евросоюза. Российский совет по

международным делам. 2020. 23 марта. URL: https://russiancouncil.ru/blogs/dkristiana/ vremya-smerti-evrosoyuza/

Носович А. Коронавирус поставил под вопрос существование Евросоюза. Аналитический

портал RuBaltic.Ru. 2020. 13 марта. URL: https://www.rubaltic.ru/article/politika-i-

obshchestvo/13032020-koronavirus-postavil-pod-vopros-sushchestvovanie-evrosoyuza/

Джубили Ф. Италия разочарована реакцией Евросоюза на коронавирус. Евразия Эксперт. 2020. 16 марта. URL: http://eurasia.expert/italiya-razocharovana-reaktsiey-es-na-koronavirus/

В Италии пригрозили выходом из Евросоюза из-за промедления в помощи по борьбе с коронавирусом 112.ua. 2020. 28 марта. URL: https://112.ua/mir/v-italii-prigrozili-vyhodom-iz- evrosoyuza-iz-za-promedleniya-v-pomoshhi-po-borbe-s-koronavirusom-530835.html

Militari di Mosca acquartierati nella foresteria dell'esercito italiano, i timori di un' “occupazione”

russa in Italia. La Stampa. 2020. URL: https://www.lastampa.it/topnews/primo-

piano/2020/03/25/news/militari-di-mosca-acquartierati-nella-foresteria-dell-esercito-italiano-i- timori-di-un-occupazione-russa-in-italia- 1.38635908?fbclid=IwAR3hMvFXMXPPKAO 110 tdkAje19tQV-HDQScDrf0EDriSw2hlhamw16OKV_I

Le accuse di Mosca e la nostra risposta. La Stampa. 2020. URL:

https://www.lastampa.it/lettere/2020/04/03/news/le-accuse-di-mosca-e-la-nostra-risposta- 1.38672825?fbclid=IwAR3nuZxugKxilppRJ898JIENXhhXlRro2rk9ONK7kmv0LkaGpuvBEkIN hik

В Италии задумались о памятнике российским военным. LENTA.RU. 2020. 6 апреля. URL: https://lenta.ru/news/2020/04/06/monument/

Сарович А. Европа проигрывает битву образов. SPIEGEL Politic. 2020. 23 марта. URL: https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/corona-krise-europa-verliert-den-kampf-der-bilder-a- d2264aee-41aa-4c82-9fa6-9f6837b04079

Глава МЗС Польщі звинуватив РФ у використанні пандемії для поширення дезінформації.

Європейська правда. 2020. 3 квітня. URL: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/news/

2020/04/3/7108315/

«ЄС скоро розвалиться»: РФ продовжує ширити фейки довкола пандемії - звіт.

Європейська правда. 2020. 1 квітня. URL: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/news/

2020/04/1/7108223/

Владимир Путин принял участие в экстренном саммите «Группы двадцати». Putin- today.ru. YouTube. 2020. 26 марта. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-ahqb2es7U

Росія прагне використати COVID-19 щоб розвалити Європейський Союз - посол України в ООН. Голос Америки. 2020. 4 квітня. URL: https://ukrainian.voanews.com/a/oon-ukraina- koronavirus/5359463.html

РФ хоче не лише зняти з себе санкції, а й добитись узаконення анексії Криму, - дипломат.

ESPRESO.TV. 2020. 1 квітня. URL: https://espreso.tv/news/2020/04/01/

rf_khoche_ne_lyshe_znyaty_z_sebe_sankciyi_a_y_dobytys_uzakonennya_aneksiyi_krymu_dypl omat

Україна заблокувала в ООН маніпулятивну резолюцію Росії щодо COVID-19 - Кислиця.

UKRINFORM. 2020. 3 квітня. URL: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-polytics/29in41-

ukraina-zablokuvala-v-oon-manipulativnu-rezoluciu-rosii-sodo-covid19-kislica.html

Global solidarity to fight COVID-19. Resolution A/74/L.52, 36. General Assembly of the United Nations. 2020. URL: https://www.un.org/pga/74/2020/03/30/global-solidarity-to-fight-covid-19/

Коментар МЗС України щодо ухвалення проєкту резолюції ГА ООН «Глобальна солідарність для боротьби з COVID-19». Міністерство закордонних справ України. 2020 3 квітня. URL: https://mfa.gov.ua/news/komentar-mzs-ukrayini-shchodo-uhvalennya-proyektu- rezolyuciyi-ga-oon-globalna-solidarnist-dlya-borotbi-z-covid-19

Венгрия первой в ЕС получила вакцину «Спутник V» из России. Известия. 2020.

19 ноября. URL: https://iz.ru/1089660/2020-11-19/vengriia-pervoi-v-es-poluchila-vaktcinu-

sputnik-v-iz-rossii

Сі Цзіньпін приїхав в Ухань вперше з початку спалаху коронавірусу. Укрінформ. 2020. 10 березня. URL: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-world/2892878-si-czinpin-priihav-v-uhan- vperse-z-pocatku-spalahu-koronavirusu.html

The Fifth Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Foreign Ministers' Meeting was Held in Vientiane. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People's Republic of China. 2020. February 21. URL: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1748375.shtml

International assistance to Southeast Asia. July 8. Center for Strategic and International Studies. 2020. URL: https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/200708_Covid_Tracker.pd

Lye Liang FookChina's COVID-19 Assistance to Southeast Asia: Uninterrupted Aid amid Global Uncertainties. ISEAS Perspective. 2020. No. 58, June. 13 р.

Cambodian PM's special Beijing visit reflects nations' profound friendship, solidarity. The Cambodia Daily. 2020. Fabruary 7. URL: https://english.cambodiadaily.com/politics/spotlight- cambodian-pms-special-beijing-visit-reflects-nations-profound-friendship-solidarity-159699/

Ngeow Chow-Bing COVID-19, Belt and Road Initiative and the Health Silk Road: Implications for Southeast Asia. Jakarta: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2020. 22 p.

Tanakasempipat P., Zhai K. China tests its soft power with neighbors over coronavirus outbreak.

Reuters. 2020. Fabruary 20. URL: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-asean-

idUSKBN20E0TM

Declaration of the Special ASEAN Summit on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). ASEAN.

2020. URL: https://asean.org/storage/2020/04/FINAL-Declaration-of-the-Special-ASEAN-

Summit-on-COVID-19.pdf

Xi says anti-epidemic cooperation becomes new highlight of China-Singapore ties. Xinhua. 2020. July 15. URL: https://www.vtibet.cn/en/news_1746/world/202007/t20200715_1011685.html

Speech by President Xi Jinping at opening of 73rd World Health Assembly. Xinhua. 2020. May 18. URL: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/18/c_139067018.htm

Strangio S. Southeast Asia's Coming COVID-19 Vaccine Windfall. The Diplomat. 2020. URL: https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/southeast-asias-coming-covid-19-vaccine-windfall/

Королев А. С. Деньгами горю не поможешь: КНР, АСЕАН и проблема Южно-китайского

моря. Россия в глобальной политике. 2020. 23 июля. URL:

https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/dengi-gore-more/

China-ASEAN Ties: Foreign ministers tackle COVID-19, economic recovery, South China Sea issue. China Global Television Network. 2020. September 10. URL: https://news.cgtn.com/news/7867444f32514464776c6d636a4e6e62684a4856/index.html

China's claims in South China Sea `completely unlawful', says US. Deutsche Welle. 2020. July 14. URL: https://www.dw.com/en/china-south-sea-dispute/a-54165620

Storey I. The South China Sea Dispute in 2020-2021. ISEAS Perspective. 2020. No. 97, September. 13 p.

Elmer K. South China Sea: Vietnam seeks talks on Paracel Islands dispute. China Morning Post. 2020. August 30. URL: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3103704/south- china-sea-vietnam-seeks-talks-paracel-islands-dispute

Philippines to resume South China Sea oil exploration after Duterte lifts moratorium”. China

Morning Post. 2020. October 16. URL: https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-

asia/article/3105807/philippines-resume-south-china-sea-oil-exploration-after

Ngeow Chow-Bing COVID-19, Belt and Road Initiative and the Health Silk Road: Implications for Southeast Asia. Jakarta: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2020. 22 p.



References

Honcharuk, A. (2020). Socializm iz kytajs'koyu specyfikoyu v borot'bi z koronavirusom [Socialism with Chinese specifics in the fight against coronavirus]. Ukrayina-Kytaj [UkraineChina]. №1(19), pp. 8-13. [In Ukrainian].

Matthews, M., Migacheva, K., Brown, R. A. (2021). Superspreaders of Malign and Subversive Information on COVID-19: Russian and Chinese Efforts Targeting the United States. Santa Monica. [In English].

Bobo Lo (2020). Global Order in the Shadow of the Coronavirus: China, Russia, and the West. Sydney. [In English].

Maslova, E. A. (2020). Ital'janskij koronakrizis i ego posledstvija: nacional'noe,

obshheevropejskoe i global'noe izmerenija [The Italian coronacrisis and its consequences: national, pan-European and global dimensions]. Mezhdunarodnaja analitika [International Analytics]. No. 11(1), pp. 58-70. [In Russian].

Gamza L., Zakljaz'minskaja E. (2020). Pandemija COVID-19 kak faktor vneshnej i vnutrennej politiki Kitaja [The COVID-19 pandemic as a factor in China's foreign and domestic policy]. Puti k miru i bezopasnosti [Paths to peace and security.]. 2020. No. 2(59), pp. 63-80. [In Russian].

Ngeow Chow-Bing (2020). COVID-19, Belt and Road Initiative and the Health Silk Road: Implications for Southeast Asia. Jakarta. [In English].

Lye Liang Fook (2020). China's COVID-19 Assistance to Southeast Asia: Uninterrupted Aid amid Global Uncertainties. ISEAS Perspective, No. 58, June. 13 p. [In English].

Bojang, A. S. (2018). The Study of Foreign Policy in International Relations. Journal of Political Sciences & Public Affairs, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 1-9. [In English].

Gvalia, G., Siroky, D., Lebanidze, B., Iashvili, Z. (2013). Thinking Outside the Bloc: Explaining the Foreign Policies of Small States. Security Studies, Vol. 22, pp. 98-131. [In English].

Nye, J. (2013). Miagkaia sila i amerikano-evropeiskie otnosheniia [Soft Power and American- European Relations]. Smart Power Journal, 07.04.2013. [Online]. Available from: http://smartpowerjournal.ru/soft-power/ [In Russian].

Kapitonenko, M. (2010). “M'yaka syla” u suchasniy svitoviy politytsi: teoretychni aspekty [“Soft power” in modern world politics: theoretical aspects]. Aktual'ni problemy mizhnarodnykh vidnosyn [Actual problems of international relations], 94 (Part II), pp. 20-29. [In Ukrainian].

Raimzhanova, A. (2015). Power in International relations: hard, soft, and smart. Institute for cultural diplomacy, [Online]. Available from: http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/ content/pdf/participant-papers/2015-12_annual/Power-In-Ir-By-Raimzhanova, -A.pdf.

[In English].

Kuprin, D., Tuliuliuk, E. (2017). Elementy miagkoi i zhestkoi sily v formirovanii imidzha gosudarstva [Elements of soft and hard power in the formation of the state's image]. Kommunikologiia: elektronnyi nauchnyi zhurnal [Communicology: electronic scientific journal], No. 1(2), pp. 61-72. [In Russian].

Tykhonenko, I. (2017). Islamska Respublika Pakistan u sistemi regionalnoi bezpeky (19982016)" [Islamic Republic of Pakistan in the regional security system (1998-2016)] Ph.D. Petro Mohyla Black Sea National University. [In Ukrainian].

Mansurov, T. (2011). Teoretiko-metodologicheskie podkhody k probleme regionalnoi identichnosti v politicheskoi nauke [Theoretical and methodological approaches to the problem of regional identity in political science]. Uchenye zapiski Kazanskogo universiteta, T. 153(1), pp. 181-190. [In Russian].

Xiong Guangkai (2009). Vseobyemlyushchaya kontseptsiya natsionalnoy bezopasnosti Kitaya: shankhayskiy dukh i puti yego ukrepleniya [China's Comprehensive National Security Concept: The Shanghai Spirit and Ways to Strengthen It]. Rossiya v globalnoy politike [Russia in Global Affairs], No. 3, pp. 92-98. [In Russian].

Konstitucionnaja popravka ob obnulenii srokov Putina raskolola rossijan [Constitutional amendment to nullify Putin's terms split the Russians], Vedomosti. 02.03.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://www.vedomosti.ru/society/articles/2020/03/26/826370-konstitutsionnaya- popravka [In Russian].

Ukaz o merah po obespecheniju sanitarno-jepidemiologicheskogo blagopoluchija naselenija v svjazi s rasprostraneniem koronavirusnoj infekcii [Decree on measures to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population in connection with the spread of coronavirus infection]. President of the Russia Federation. 02.04.2020. [Online]. Available from: http://kremlin.ru/acts/news/63134 [In Russian].

Srochnoe obrashhenie Putina k rossijanam iz-za situacii s koronavirusom ot 25.03.2020 [Putin's urgent appeal to the Russians because of the situation with the coronavirus of 03.25.2020]. Russia 24, 25.03.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkgP1gsQo_w [In Russian].

Makarychev, A., Goes, M., Kuznetsova, A. (2020). The COVID Biopolitics in Russia: Putin's Sovereignty versus Regional Governmentality. Mezinarodm vztahy [Czech Journal of International Relations]. Vol. 55, No 4, pp. 31-47. [In English].

Mokretskii, A. (2019). Kitaiskaia diplomatiia v epokhu Si Tszinpina [Chinese diplomacy in the era of Xi Jinping]. Mezhdunarodnaia zhizn [The International affairs], No. 3. [Online]. Available from: https://interaffairs.ru/jauthor/material/2163 [In Russian].

Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. The National People's Congress of of the People's Republic of China, 21.11.2019. [Online]. Available from: http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/constitution2019/201911/36a2566d029c4b39966bd942f82a43 05.shtml [In English].

Boisseau de Roche, S. (2020). The Belt and Road: “China's community of destiny" for Southeast Asia. Asie. Visions. No. 113, June. [In English].

Lancaster, K., Rubin, M., Rapp-Hooper, M. (2020). Mapping China's Health Silk Road. Council on Foreign Relations. 10.4.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://www.cfr.org/blog/mapping- chinas-health-silk-road [In English].

Mosiakov, D. (2007). IUVA i amerikano-kitaiskoe sopernichestvo [Southeast Asia and the US- China rivalry]. IUVA: aktualnye problemy razvitiia [SEA: topical development problems], No. 10, pp. 78-89. [In Russian].

Su, S. Blas, J. (2020). Flood of $25-a-Barrel Saudi Arabian Oil Is Headed for Europe.

Bloomberg. 11.03.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/

articles/2020-03-11/a-tsunami-of-25-a-barrel-saudi-arabian-oil-is-headed-for-europe[In English].

Smith, G., Bla, J. (2020). OPEC+ agrees on deep oil-output cuts to fight market slump. BNN Bloomberg, 09.04.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/opec-agrees- on-deep-oil-output-cuts-to-fight-market-slump-1.1419740 [In English].

Klimkin: Dogovorennost' o sokrashhenii dobychi nefti - hudshee porazhenie Rossii za 20 let [Klimkin: The agreement to reduce oil production is Russia's worst defeat in 20 years]. GORDON, 10.04.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://gordonua.com/news/politics/klimkin- dogovorennost-o-sokrashchenii-dobychi-nefti-hudshee-porazhenie-rossii-za-20-let-1495043.html [In Russian].

Rossija otkazalas' priznavat' porazhenie v sdelke OPEK+ [Russia refused to admit defeat in the

OPEC + deal]. LENTA.RU. 10.04.2020. [Online]. Available from:

https://lenta.ru/news/2020/04/10/ustupki/ [In Russian].

Denisenko, K. (2020). Koronavirus: vremja smerti Evrosojuza [Coronavirus: the time of the

European Union death]. Rossiiskii sovet po mezhdunarodnym delam [Russian International Affairs Council]. 23.03.2020. [Online]. Available from:

https://russiancouncil.ru/blogs/dkristiana/vremya-smerti-evrosoyuza/ [In Russian].

Nosovich, A. (2020). Koronavirus postavil pod vopros sushhestvovanie Evrosojuza [Coronavirus called into question the existence of the European Union]. Analiticheskii portal RuBalticRu [Analytical portal RuBalticRu]. 13.03.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://www.rubaltic.ru/article/politika-i-obshchestvo/13032020-koronavirus-postavil-pod- vopros-sushchestvovanie-evrosoyuza/ [In Russian].

Dzhubili, F. (2020). Italija razocharovana reakciej Evrosojuza na koronavirus [Italy is disappointed with the EU's response to coronavirus]. Evraziia Ekspert [Eurasia Expert].

[Online]. Available from: http://eurasia.expert/italiya-razocharovana-reaktsiey-es-na- koronavirus/ [In Russian].

V Italii prigrozili vyhodom iz Evrosojuza iz-za promedlenija v pomoshhi po bor'be s koronavirusom [Italy threatened to leave the European Union because of the delay in helping to combat the coronavirus]. 112.ua. 28.03.2020. [Online]. Available from:https://112.ua/mir/v-italii- prigrozili-vyhodom-iz-evrosoyuza-iz-za-promedleniya-v-pomoshhi-po-borbe-s-koronavirusom- 530835.html [In Russian].

Militari di Mosca acquartierati nella foresteria dell'esercito italiano, i timori di un' “occupazione” russa in Italia [Moscow soldiers headquartered in the guesthouse of the Italian army, fears of a Russian “occupation” in Italy]. La Stampa. 25.03. 2020. [Online]. Available from: https://www.lastampa.it/topnews/primo-piano/2020/03/25/news/militari-di-mosca-acquartierati- nella-foresteria-dell-esercito-italiano-i-timori-di-un-occupazione-russa-in-italia-

1.38635908?fbclid=IwAR3hMvFXMXPPKAO 110tdkAje19tQV-HDQScDrf0EDriSw2hlhamw 16OKV_I [In Italian].

Le accuse di Mosca e la nostra risposta [Moscow's accusations and our response]. La Stampa.

[Online]. Available from: https://www.lastampa.it/lettere/2020/04/03/news/le- accuse-di-mosca-e-la-nostra-risposta-1.38672825?fbclid=IwAR3nuZxugKxilppRJ898JIENXhhX lRro2rk9ONK7kmv0LkaGpuvBEkINhik [In Italian].

V Italii zadumalis' o pamjatnike rossijskim voennym [Italy thought about the monument to the

Russian military]. LENTA.RU.06.04. 2020. [Online]. Available from:

https://lenta.ru/news/2020/04/06/monument/ [In Russian].

Sarovic, A. (2020). Evropa proigryvaet bitvu obrazov [Europe loses the battle of images].

SPIEGEL Politic. 23.03.2020, [Online]. Available from:

https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/corona-krise-europa-verliert-den-kampf-der-bilder-a- d2264aee-41aa-4c82-9fa6-9f6837b04079 [In Russian].

Hlava MZS Pol'shhi zvynuvatyv RF u vykorystanni pandemiyi dlya poshyrennya dezinformaciyi [The Polish Foreign Minister accused the Russian Federation of using a pandemic to spread misinformation]. Yevrorpeys'ka Pravda [European Pravda]. 03.04.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://www.eurointegration.com.Ua/news/2020/04/3/7108315/ [In Russian].

“YeS skoro rozvalyt'sya”: RF prodovzhuye shyryty fejky dovkola pandemiyi - zvit [“The EU will soon collapse”: Russia continues to spread fakes around a pandemic” - a report]. Yevrorpeys'ka Pravda [European Pravda]. 01.04.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/news/2020/04/1/7108223/ [In Russian].

Vladimir Putin prinjal uchastie v jekstrennom sammite “Gruppy dvadcati” 26 marta 2020 g.

[Vladimir Putin attended the G20 emergency summit on March 26, 2020]. Putin-today.ru. YouTube. 26.03.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-

ahqb2es7U [In Russian].

Rosiya prahne vykorystaty COVID-19 shhob rozvalyty Yevropejs'kyj Soyuz - posol Ukrayiny v

OON [Russia seeks to use COVID-19 to overthrow the European Union, Ukraine's ambassador in the UNO]. The Voice of America. 04.04.2020. [Online]. Available from:

https://ukrainian.voanews.com/a7oon-ukraina-koronavirus/5359463.html [In Ukrainian].

RF khoche ne lyshe znyaty z sebe sankciyi, a j dobytys' uzakonennya aneksiyi Krymu, - diplomat [The Russian Federation wants not only to lift the sanctions, but also to secure the legalization of the Crimea annexation, - the diplomat]. ESPRESO.TV.01.04.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://espreso.tv/news/2020/04/01/rf_khoche_ne_lyshe_znyaty_z_sebe_sankciyi_a_y_dobytys_u zakonennya_aneksiyi_krymu_dyplomat [In Ukrainian].

Ukrayina zablokuvala v OON manipulyatyvnu rezolyuciyu Rosiyi shhodo COVID-19 - Kyslycya

[Ukraine has blocked Russia's manipulative resolution on COVID-19 - Kyslytsia]. UKRINFORM. 03.04.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-

polytics/2911141 -ukraina-zablokuvala-v-oon-manipulativnu-rezoluciu-rosii-sodo-covid19- kislica.html [In Ukrainian].

Global solidarity to fight COVID-19. Resolution A/74/L.52, 36. General Assembly of the United Nations. 30.03.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://www.un.org/pga/74/2020/03/30/global- solidarity-to-fight-covid-19/ [In English].

Komentar MZS Ukrayiny shhodo uxvalennya proyektu rezolyuciyi HA OON “Hlobal'na solidarnist' dlya borot'by z COVID-19 [Comment by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine on the adoption of the UN General Assembly draft resolution “Global Solidarity to Combat COVID-19”]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. 03.04.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://mfa.gov.ua/news/komentar-mzs-ukrayini-shchodo-uhvalennya-proyektu-rezolyuciyi-ga- oon-globalna-solidarnist-dlya-borotbi-z-covid-19 [In Ukrainian].

Vengriia pervoi v ES poluchila vaktsinu Sputnik V iz Rossii [Hungary was the first in the EU to receive the “Sputnik V” vaccine from Russia]. Izvestiia. 20.11.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://iz.ru/1089660/2020-11-19/vengriia-pervoi-v-es-poluchila-vaktcinu-sputnik-v-iz-rossii

[In Russian].

Si Tszin'pin pryyikhav v Ukhan' vpershe z pochatku spalakhu koronavirusu” [Xi Jinping arrived in Wuhan for the first time since the outbreak of the coronavirus]. Ukrinform. 10.03.2020. [Online]. Available from:https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-world/2892878-si-czinpin-priihav-v- uhan-vperse-z-pocatku-spalahu-koronavirusu.html [In Ukrainian].

The Fifth Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Foreign Ministers' Meeting was Held in Vientiane. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People's Republic of China. 21.02.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1748375.shtml [In English].

International assistance to Southeast Asia. July 8. Center for Strategic and International Studies.

2020. [Online]. Available from: https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-

public/200708_Covid_Tracker.pdf [In English].

Lye Liang Fook (2020). China's COVID-19 Assistance to Southeast Asia: Uninterrupted Aid amid Global Uncertainties. ISEASPerspective, No. 58, June. [In English].

Cambodian PM's special Beijing visit reflects nations' profound friendship, solidarity. The

Cambodia Daily. 07.02.2020. [Online]. Available from:

https://english.cambodiadaily.com/politics/spotlight-cambodian-pms-special-beijing-visit- reflects-nations-profound-friendship-solidarity-159699/ [In English].

Ngeow Chow-Bing (2020). COVID-19, Belt and Road Initiative and the Health Silk Road: Implications for Southeast Asia. Jakarta. [In English].

Tanakasempipat, P., Zhai, K. (2020). China tests its soft power with neighbors over coronavirus outbreak. Reuters. 20.02.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us- china-health-asean-idUSKBN20E0TM [In English].

Declaration of the Special ASEAN Summit on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). ASEAN.

[Online]. Available from: https://asean.org/storage/2020/04/FINAL-Declaration-of- the-Special-ASEAN-Summit-on-COVID-19.pdf [In English].

Xi says anti-epidemic cooperation becomes new highlight of China-Singapore ties. Xinhua.

[Online]. Available from: https://www.vtibet.cn/en/news_1746/world/202007/ t20200715_1011685.html [In English].

Speech by President Xi Jinping at opening of 73rd World Health Assembly. Xinhua. 18.05.2020.

[Online]. Available from: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/18/c_139067018.htm

[In English].

Strangio, S. (2020). Southeast Asia's Coming COVID-19 Vaccine Windfall. The Diplomat.

[Online]. Available from: https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/southeast-asias-coming- covid-19-vaccine-windfall/ [In English].

Korolev, A.(2020). Dengami goriu ne pomozhesh KNR ASEAN i problema IUzhno-kitaiskogo moria [Money can't help grief: China, ASEAN and the South China Sea problem]. Rossiia v globalnoi politike [Russia in global affairs]. 23.07.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/dengi-gore-more/ [In Russian].

China-ASEAN Ties: Foreign ministers tackle COVID-19, economic recovery, South China Sea

issue. China Global Television Network. 10.09.2020. [Online]. Available from:

https://news.cgtn.com/news/7867444f32514464776c6d636a4e6e62684a4856/index.html

[In English].

China's claims in South China Sea `completely unlawful', says US. Deutsche Welle. 14.07.2020.

[Online]. Available from: https://www.dw.com/en/china-south-sea-dispute/a-54165620

[In English].

Storey, I. (2020). The South China Sea Dispute in 2020-2021. ISEAS Perspective, No. 97, September. [In English].

Elmer, K. (2020). South China Sea: Vietnam seeks talks on Paracel Islands dispute. China Morning Post. 30.08.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/ diplomacy/article/3103704/south-china-sea-vietnam-seeks-talks-paacel-islands-dispute

[In English].

Philippines to resume South China Sea oil exploration after Duterte lifts moratorium”. China

Morning Post. 16.10.2020. [Online]. Available from: https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/

southeast-asia/article/3105807/philippines-resume-south-china-sea-oil-exploration-after [In English].

Ngeow Chow-Bing (2020). COVID-19, Belt and Road Initiative and the Health Silk Road: Implications for Southeast Asia. Jakarta. [In English].

Размещено на Allbest.ru