2.2. Contentious Action in Russia's Ethnic Republics

The previous chapter mentioned Lankina's finding that Russia's ethnic republics, particularly those of the North Caucasus, exhibit relatively little protest activity. The case studies confirm this finding. However, at the time of writing, significant protests broke out in Ingushetia over the transfer of some of the republic's lands to Chechnya. Anon., `Ingushetia authorities agreed on an eight-day rally against the agreement on the border with Chechnya', namarsh.ru, 7<sup>th</sup> October 2018 < http://namarsh.ru/materials/5BB9B8679EB09.html > [accessed 03 December 2018] In early October, regional social movement `the Soviets of the Ingush People's Teips' organised a rally, and others the collection of signatures for the resignation of the Ingush government. In November, RFE/RL reported the detention of St. Petersburg activists for unfurling a banner stating `Belongs to Ingushetia' and waving the Ingush flag on Kadyrov Bridge - named after the former Chechen President. Anon., `Russian Activist Detained in St. Petersburg Over Pro-Ingushetia Action', RFE/RL, 28 November 2018 < https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-activist-detained-in-st-petersburg-over-pro-ingushetia-action/29625861.html > [accessed 03 December 2018]

Leonid Bershidsky, `Putin Can't Get Europe's Far Right to Bite', The Moscow Times, 25^th February 2019 < https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/02/25/putin-cant-get-europes-nationalists-to-bite-a64620 > [accessed 12 March 2019] This unusual outburst of protest in the North Caucasus, combined with expressions of solidarity in Russia's second city, make the study of repertoire and diffusion in these normally quiet republics particularly pertinent.

2.3. Russian Nationalists

The Methodology Chapter stated that one of the criteria for case study selection was the participation of diverse political groups so as not to fall into the Western triumphalist tradition of focusing only on liberal-democratic parties and organisations. However, despite their participation in the 2011/12 protests, Russian Nationalist groups have received comparatively little attention. Given the current Western media attention to the connections between Russian Nationalists and Europe's Far Right, further research could look specifically at these organisations, analysing how they relate to nationalist organisations abroad. Robert Brownstein, `Putin and the Populists', The Atlantic, 6^th January 2017 < https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/01/putin-trump-le-pen-hungary-france-populist-bannon/512303/ > [accessed 12 March 2019] Zuev (2007), for example, mentions the participation of British, U.S., and Serbian nationalist groups in the annual Russian March. Zuev, p. 230. Research in this area could establish whether there are specificities to the way in which Nationalist repertoires are initiated and diffused.

2.4. Russia & The Post-Soviet World

Further research could undertake a comparison of Repertoire and Diffusion in Russia and one or more other Post-Soviet states. A particularly salient line of enquiry would be a joint analysis of Russia and Ukraine. This study has illustrated how the Orange Revolution has formed the discursive backdrop of Russian protest. Future research could look in greater detail at how these concepts operate within Ukraine and, indeed, the symbiotic relationship between Russian and Ukrainian protest. According to a 2016 Levada poll, 80% Russians consider the Revolution of Dignity `an attempt at a violent coup.' Anon., `Protests in Kiev', The Levada Centre, 3^rd April 2017 < https://www.levada.ru/en/2017/04/03/protest-in-kiev/ > [accessed 14 March 2019] Given the dominance of this attitude, further research could examine the extent to which `Maidan-style' protests are discredited in Russia because of their negative connotations. In September 2018, namarsh.ru reported a Moscow picket in support of Ukrainian political prisoners held by Russia, particularly Oleg Sentsov. Anon., `Picket participants in support of Sentsov and Balukh detained in Moscow', narmarsh.ru, 22 September 2018 < http://namarsh.ru/materials/5BA6255950936.html > [accessed 03 December 2018] In the same month, the website published an article entitled `Maidan is ripening in Vladivostok due to fraud in gubernatorial elections.' Anon., `Maidan is ripening in Vladivostok due to fraud in gubernatorial elections', namarsh.ru, 17^th September 2018 < http://namarsh.ru/materials/5B9F8C94A2744.html > [accessed 03 December 2018] These reports emphasise a potentially rich avenue of research, examining how protest issues and tactics move between Russia and Ukraine, and how activists in both countries learn from those in the other.

2.5. Further Methodological Considerations

Lastly, qualitative analysis of repertoire diffusion could be greatly enhanced by quantitative methods. Employing a greater number of cases, a future study could attempt to define the main variables that contribute to a location's propensity for repertoire innovation. Alison D. Evans' doctoral thesis Protest in the Provinces: Patterns of contention in Post-Soviet Russia (2014), which argues that regime type and economic diversification impact regional protest intensity, could provide a useful basis for creating a regression model based on economic and political variables. Alison D. Evans, Protest in the Provinces: Patterns of contention in Post-Soviet Russia (PhD, 2014, University of Pennsylvania) Moreover, enhanced analysis of social media posts - examining more forums in more detail using qualitative data analysis software such as MAXQDA - would allow the extension of discourse analysis beyond regime representatives and protest organisers to the general population.



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