Breakthrough technologies as a factor of formation of information economy in the conditions of digitalization

2. The world of cloud and Internet of Things which allow to receive a variety of digital services. Cloud technology and the so-called Internet of Things (IoT) have formed a very strong tandem that is increasingly influencing and will continue to affect our lives. Cloud technologies are remote access to shared computer resources that allow to store and process information and receive a variety of digital services, - Al-Khalili Jim says [1, p. 105]. Today, there are more things connected to the Internet than people, and by 2021 there will be about 50 billion [1, p. 105]. Industry leaders are also beginning to look closely at the Internet of Things, and this is probably where the greatest economic effect and the greatest opportunities for solving national and global problems await us. For example, wind turbines can take sensor data into account to make the most efficient use of wind energy. Factories will begin to combine their informational systems with supplier systems to automatically order raw materials and spare parts at the right time. Another feature of the Interest of Things is the collection of information on an unprecedented scale. Very cheap, unpretentious, networked sensors can be built into many objects in real time to collect information about people, the environment, certain systems, constantly monitor pipes for holes or remove information from mobile phones and track flu outbreaks [15, p. 500504]. In fact, the Internet of Things poses a difficult task - how to cope with a huge amount of data from different sources? This problem in the Englishspeaking world acronym is denoted with abbreviation DIKW: 1) information (data); 2) information; 3) knowledge; 4) the top of the pyramid (wisdom), when understanding is already added to knowledge. Therefore, people should get used to them and let them into their lives, because their advantage is that the Internet of Things led people to a new level that makes a profound impact on services - from transport to medicine and education system. We can name five countries that are actively developing the Internet of Things - Estonia, Israel, New Zealand, South Korea and the United Kingdom, - Al-Khalili Jim says [1, p. 107]. Cloud technology and the Internet of Things can solve a number of global issues - from health care to environment protection. Medicine will obviously become more personalized and big data will help this person. Medical systems will analyze all information about patients' lives, from lifestyle to genetics, past treatment responses, and the latest data on a disease, such as COVID-19. Technologies will help us to save energy and reduce wastes, increase production efficiency and adapt the medical system to the specific needs of the patient [16, p. 261-270]. However, there are several bottlenecks on the way to solving these problems: 1) security; 2) network coverage; 3) energy consumption; 4) social consequences. However, in this regard, there are problems and contradictions. To unleash the full potential of the Internet of Things, we allow electronic devices to collect any information about us. The more we hide something from them, the less quality of services we become to receive. Thanks to people's personal data, large technology companies are becoming more powerful and influential, they have direct access to people's lives and financial assets. Thus, in 2015, a group of hackers demonstrated that you can gain control of the car just under the way, hacking it through an infotainment system. After this break, manufacturers began to protect further automotive Internet systems. The risk of cyberattacks on connected to the Internet cars, homes, businesses and critical infrastructure facilities, such as electricity production plants and water supply points remains an extremely big problem, because if “humanity would be imprudent or unwise to develop breakthrough technologies, they may be an executioner for people”, - Mark Goodman says [11, p. 312].

3. The place, role and functions of robotics in a digital society. The robot revolution has been talked about for a long time. The robots have been painting cars, assembling parts and performing various monotonous work since the 1950s. Nowadays, there are more "service" robots than industrial ones: robots work not only in factories, but everywhere - in medical institutions, help take care of children and the elderly, prepare food, serve cocktails, clean houses, sow and harvest, monitor for public safety, fighting in armed conflicts, monitoring climate change, performing surgical operations, protecting endangered species. Robotics is experiencing a period of prosperity, and due to the emergence of a large international market, the state and the corporate world have begun to take seriously the economic potential of robots, and investment in this industry is gradually bringing a radical return. Many companies and startups create new types of robots and come up with new applications for them, the market becomes highly competitive - and this stimulates innovation [17, p. 169-181]. Developments in the field of robotics will depend on the international regulatory framework and the extent to which engineers, designers and manufacturers will practice a socially responsible approach. Much will depend on consumers, and without this investment will not pay off and progress will be slower. As noted by Al-Khalili Jim, according to the International Federation of Robotics (IFR), 4.7 million personal and home robots were sold in 2014; in 2015, the figure rose to 5.4 million (in monetary terms, the market volume was 2.2 billion USD), according to fairly conservative MFF forecasts, in 20162019, 42 million devices will be sold [1, p. 192]. In the future, more and more household chores will be assigned to robots, such as cleaning and washing, today there are new developments of robots that can iron, fold towels, take dirty things and put them in the washing machine, and then take out washing; robots for professional cuisine are developing even faster - they prepare burgers, pizza, sushi, can quickly make cocktails [18, p. 148-150]. However, the household needs multifunctional robots, so in smart homes of the future robots will be integrated into home appliances and the structure of everyday life. The number of robots that help care for the elderly and disabled has increased significantly over the last decade. In 2014, the number of such robots increased sixfold compared to the previous year. The robots are equipped with video games and quizzes, they are able to recognize faces and language and more or less arouse interest in preschool children. Such robots monitor images and sounds and signal danger to the child. The Japanese company Secom already sells a feeding robot, produces a bath robot that helps a person wash and water; firm Mitsubishi has designed a robot that monitors the health, doing massage and recalls that it is time to drink medicine, the other robot carries wheelchair and perform simple voice commands; robots are useful for children with special needs. The robots help to interest children in engineering and science and facilitate social interaction with the elderly. Combat operations capable of independently destroying the enemy without operator intervention are actively developed [19, p. 247-258]. China, Russia, the United States, and Israel are developing robotic tanks, fighters, submarines, and ships capable of acting on one front. Police for over decades uses robots for disposal of bombs, the release of hostages, surveillance and information gathering in the shootings. Civilian drones are spreading very fast. Thus, in 2016 a robot eliminated a person suspected in the Dallas shooting, but experience shows that robot must stand up for ordinary citizens. Robots repair the damage from climate change, submarine robots sink into inaccessible ocean depths and provide us with important data on global warming [20, p. 126-144]. “Coral-bot” robots know how to recognize specific species of corals, treat them and allow them to grow again. Fish robots help monitor the ecology of the Great Lakes and constantly broadcast to scientists about water quality. The Scottish Oceanographic Group is working to develop long-range aircraft to help explore the most endangered and inaccessible Arctic regions and determine the causes of melting ice. Robot aircraft are equipped with laser rangefinders and cameras for shooting and monitoring polar ice. The robots play a key role in detecting chemical pollution that harms people and the ecosystem - oil spills, explosive methane flows from turbo pipelines, toxic chemicals in production. With proper funding and coordinated efforts of the international community, such robots will be the saviors of mankind [8, p. 81-90].

4. Neurotechnology, based on new forms of cognitive computing and improving the design of machine learning algorithms. The revolution in neurotechnology describes a wide range of approaches that give a clear picture of how the human brain works, allowing us to receive information, expand our feelings, change behavior and interact with the world. Neurobiology is gradually moving beyond medical and scientific laboratories, penetrating our daily lives. The field of neurotechnology is rapidly maturing and during the Fourth Industrial Revolution it provides an opportunity to create new value systems, while creating serious risks and management challenges, - Klaus Schwab says [21, p. 316]. These technologies involve deciphering thoughts at fine levels of detail thanks to new chemicals and interventions that can affect our brains to correct mistakes and show functionality. Innovations in this area help to find new ways to communicate and interact with the world, as well as significantly expand the capabilities of the senses. First, the opportunity to correct shortcomings or multiply positive traits will be a huge advantage for those who can afford to buy or sell neurotechnology and related services. At the same time, the ability to access the most secret thoughts and influence thinking is a huge problem in a world driven by algorithms and ubiquitous data collection. Second, neurotechnology is a driver of improvement in other areas of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, providing new forms of cognitive computing and improving the design of machine learning algorithms. The more the neurotechnology tell us how the brain works, the more useful they are in the chain of feedback when forming technology, which interact with the brain and / or mimic its functionality [22, p. 196-209]. Third, and most importantly, our brain is the basis of what makes us human - it allows us to perceive and comprehend the world, learn, imagine, dream and interact with others. By influencing the brain in more precise ways, we can change our self-perception, find a new understanding of what experience is, and radically rebuild the essence of reality. Influencing how we manage ourselves; brain research encourages people to step beyond natural evolution [14, p. 108-129]. In the unprecedented battle between the computer chip and the neuron, between the machine and the brain, the advantage is still on the side of the brain. Theoretically, there are no mechanisms in the brain, just as the machine is not able to simulate. In practice, computers still have a long way to go, they will need a lot of ingredients, such as: “inner speech thinking to create new combinations of concepts; algorithms to reason based on the probability distribution of the curiosity function, the effectiveness of the attention and memory management system, and possibly a sleep algorithm that complements the training array and increases the chances of discovery”, - Stanislav Dean says in his work “How We Learn. Why the brain learns better than the machine... So far” [12, p. 233]. The human brain is still holding the palm of supremacy, but for now. Some laboratories, such as the Aldo Faisal Laboratory at Imperial College London, use eye tracking instead of brain waves in combination with machine learning, and this technique surprisingly detects exactly what movements a person intends to perform. Such approaches reduce the cost of expensive interfaces between the brain and the machine and allow paralyzed people to control wheelchairs or robotic limbs by force of thought. The neural modulation (stimulation of nerves) can help restore functionality not only of limbs, but for other vital organs such as the lung, bladder or heart. Neurotechnology can have an even stronger impact on the economy if it improves the capabilities of the human brain and improves productivity. Compared to other industries of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, such as space technology, neurotechnology is entering the mass market rather slowly [23]. The development of neurotechnology requires mathematicians, engineers, sociologists, developers and physicists, as well as neurologists. Neurotechnology will help a person better understand the brain and the mechanisms of its work. The variety of ethical and legal issues related to neurotechnology - such as confidentiality, intellectual property, accessibility - requires a lot of early discussion of the potential impact of truly revolutionary capabilities of neurotechnology [5, p.72].

Conclusions

In the process of deploying the Fourth Industrial Revolution, neurotechnology will create new advantages in various industries and lead to important social consequences.

1. It is necessary to continue to study the objective and subjective processes of breakthrough technologies as factors in the formation of the information economy in the context of digitalization, and here the following standard of mobile communication -5G can come to the rescue. Its technical specifications provide full coverage of the territory and simultaneous connection in a huge number of devices. The full coverage and wide working range of the new generation of communications will require active cooperation between telecommunications companies and providers of all types of communications - from master to satellite.

2. To promote improve and accelerate decisionmaking with a view to using the big data (BIG DATA), what leaders must use Mining (data search information) and help create patterns and models of digital society. In recent years, not only technology giants but also other companies have learned to collect data on operations, results of marketing companies and the behavior of their customers, but this requires a better understanding of the principles and algorithms of digital technology to evaluate common digital strategies and data science proposals to improve "smart cities" and the Internet of Things.

3. To study the problems that may arise in connection with the introduction of the Internet of Things. The Internet of Things creates opportunities for a significant improvement not only in the quality of our lives, but also in the global economy as a whole, especially as countless objects become "smart" and learn to interact with each other for human well-being. If we return to the issue of privacy, then together with billions of cars and buildings, coffee makers, mobile phones, elevators, dishwashers and toys that communicate with each other and receive commands from the Internet, a person will provide attackers with many access points to their own lives and many opportunities to influence on him. Today, we cannot protect even a relatively small number of things that are already connected to the Internet, and every day new opportunities and new smart objects will appear in our lives, each of which will carry potential risks and difficulties. We agree with Mark Goodman, who said: we have united the world but failed to address security issues, - and we will have to deal with it more than once.