Наукове обґрунтування способів регулювання шкодочинності бур’янів в агроценозах зернових і олійних культур степової зони України

Получены экспериментальные результаты, которые позволяют вести раздельный учет использования влаги культурами и сорняками, а также индивидуальную чувствительность сорных растений к различным гербицидам. Исходя из научнообоснованных принципов функционирования агроценозов и фитотоксических свойств гербицидов рекомендованы оптимизированные регламенты и ассортимент препаратов, которые существенно повышают эффективность мероприятий по предупреждению потерь урожая зерна. Приводится оценка эффективности гербицидов производных ацетохлора, сульфонилмочевины, аминной соли 2,4-Д, дикамбы, глифосата, атразина, изоксафлютола и др. Для сложных типов засоренности с многообразием реакции резистентности предложены технологические сочетания и смеси гербицидов различных спектров фитотоксического действия. Разработана модель биоэнергетического кругооборота в посевах кукурузы и определена роль элементов системы борьбы с сорняками в аккумуляции фитотоксической энергии агроценозами этой культуры.

Ключевые слова: сорняки, гербициды, обработка почвы, севообороты, фитотоксичность, засоренность, зерновые, масличные культуры, конкурентоспособность, биологическая эффективность.

Shevchenko M.S. Scientific substantiation of ways of weeds harmfulness regulation in agrocenosis of cereals and oil-yielding crops in Steppe zone of Ukraine. - Manuscript.

Thesis for doctor of agriculture sciences degree by speciality 06.01.01 - general agriculture - Dnepropetrovsk State Agrarian University, Dnepropetrovsk, 2007.

My thesis is devoted to forming processes of weedy cereal and oil-producting sowings, working out of effective limitation methods, spreading and decrease of harmful weeds. Phytocenosis regulative role of methods of soil cultivation, agrotechnical ways of sowing and regulation, parameters of optimization system methods of combating weeds have been determined. Quantitative dynamics of weeds has been found out in grain fallow ploughing alternation of crops during ploughing and soilprotection cultivation. The directions of change specific difference structure and complex interaction have had scientific ground in regulation process of littering cultures. Regularities of profile migration weed seeds and specialities of forming phytocenosis of weeds in different concentrations in biological active layer of chernozem have been revealed. Levels of overground littering of sowing and technological ways of their achievements will be determined. There is dynamics of potential littering reduction in these cases.

Separate aspects of influence of agrophysical soil characteristics on littering extent of sowing and productivity of agricultural cereal crops have been considered. Dependence questions of balance agrophysical chernozem condition on extent and duration of minimum soil cultivation will be studied. The positive influence of anti-erosive soil stable and sowing littering of combined soilcultivating and sowing units “Amazone” have been studied.Direction of microelution weeds phytocenosis on account of long-term using of soil will be revealed, on the basis of existence technologies of growing of agricultural cereal crops. Systematic using of electoral herbicides, determine ways of soil cultivation and concentration of cultures have been defined. It led to dominate stable weeds species. Role of chemical and agrotechnical methods of combating against weeds in increase of competitive cereals and oil-production crops will be disclosed. Estimation of critical competitive period and dependence of weeds harmfulness from phases of develop culture and extent of littering sowing will be shown. Models of regressive equations and parameters have been offered. They define interacting between littering extent, bearing out nutrient substance corn and sunflower crop capacity. Perspective opportunity of harvest depending on technical effectiveness of herbicides and agrotechnical methods will be determined. Methodical base of absorbing of moisture in littering agrocenosis and prognosis of biological effectiveness of different spectrum phytotoxic action of herbicides will be worked out in complicated weeds phytocenosis.

Experimental results have been obtained. They permit to do separate calculation of absorbing moisture by cultures and individual sensitiveness of weeds with respect to different herbicides. Time-limits and assortment of preparations, increasing the effectiveness of arrangements to prevent harvesting losses have been recommended from scientific well grounded principles of agrocenosis functioning. Technological combinations and mixture of different spectrum phytotoxic action of herbicides for complicated types of littering have been offered. Estimation of derivatives herbicides is carried out.

Key words: weeds, herbicides, cultivation, sowing, phytotoxic, littering, cereals, oil-producting crops, biological effectiveness

Размещено на Allbest.ru